Grain Growth during Additive Manufacturing - MS&T 2020

During additive manufacturing of metallic materials, grain structure affects the mechanical properties and serviceability of parts.  The grain structure of alloys can be calculated before the parts are made from the processing conditions and alloy composition. The following papers explain how these calculations are done.  The last paper is a review of grain growth in non-isothermal systems.
H.L. Wei, G.L. Knapp, T. Mukherjee, T. DebRoy. Three-dimensional grain growth during multi-layer printing of a nickel-based alloy Inconel 718. Additive Manufacturing, 2019, vol. 25, pp. 448-459.
H.L. Wei, J.W. Elmer, T. DebRoy. Crystal growth during keyhole mode laser welding. Acta Materialia, 2017, vol. 133, pp. 10-20.
H. L. Wei, J. W. Elmer, T. DebRoy. Three-dimensional modeling of grain structure evolution during welding of an aluminum alloy. Acta Materialia, 2017, vol. 126, pp. 413-425.
H. L. Wei, J. W. Elmer, T. DebRoy. Origin of grain orientation during solidification of an aluminum alloy. Acta Materialia, 2016, vol. 115, pp. 123-131.  
S. Mishra and T. DebRoy, Non-Isothermal Grain Growth in Metals and Alloys, Materials Science and Technology, 2006, vol. 22 (3), pp. 253-278. (review)
DebRoy Research Group