Hwp1 Candida albicans hyphae surface protein (transglutaminase substrate)

FOTGCREN HYPOTHESIS:
A tale of bugs and foods: Hwp1 versus gluten and casein (v3)
A tale of bugs and foods: Hwp1 versus...

Hwp1: the Candida albicans surface adhesion protein on hyphaes substrate of mammalian transglutaminase

Hwp1 is a protein (glycoprotein) located on the surface of an opportunistic polyphenic fungus called Candida albicans.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwp1

Hwp1 is an acronym that stands for Hyphal wall protein 1.

This "hyphal" denomination is due to Hwp1 appears exclusively on the surface of a projection called hyphae that emerges from the surface of this fungus.

Hwp1 is particularly important because it is a substrate of mammalian transglutaminase.
Staab JF, et al. (1999) Adhesive and mammalian transglutaminase substrate properties of Candida albicans Hwp1. Science 283:1535-1538
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10...

This transglutaminase ability has two implications, one (in fungus pathogenicity) proved, and the other (in food proteins potential pathogenicity) hypothetical.

Hwp1 has been proved to be involved in oral candidiasis.
Sundstrom P et al. (2002) Essential Role of the Candida albicans Transglutaminase Substrate, Hyphal Wall Protein 1, in Lethal Oroesophageal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 185:521–30
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11...

Candida albicans Hwp1 allows through the use of transglutaminase from the host (human beings, for example) adhere to human epithelial cells with the strength of a covalent bond (isopeptide bond to be precise) (the same strength in which human body proteins are built). This ability is highly related with Candida albicans being the prevalent Candida species in all types of candidiasis. Other candida species don't have the Hwp1 protein.

Hwp1 of Candida albicans shares similar sequence homology of amino acids with gliadin (α- and γ-gliadins) of gluten protein. This homology appears between fragments of hwp1 sequence and α-gliadin and γ-gliadin T-cell epitopes in celiac disease.
Nieuwenhuizen WF, et al. (2003) Is Candida albicans a trigger in the onset of coeliac disease?. Lancet 361: 2152–54
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12...

C. albicans infection (CI) may trigger Celiac disease (CeD) onset in genetically-susceptible individuals
Corouge M, Loridant S, Fradin C, Salleron J, Damiens S, Moragues MD, et al. (2015) Humoral Immunity Links Candida albicans Infection and Celiac Disease. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0121776.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25...

VIDEO 1
Extended time lapse imaging microscopy of C.albicans and HaCat cells interaction.
Gabor Nagy 2011 Made by eTox student workgroup. University of Debrecen, Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell biology.

VIDEO 2
Supplementary Movie S2: C. albicans strain (CAI4 pENO1-GFP-CyC1t) constitutively expressing GFP was used to infect HMC-1 cells (MOI 1). For each experiment at least 2 microscopy fields were monitored for 16 h.  C. albicans yeast cells were internalized into mast cells, as early as 30 min post infection. Yeast cells were able to grow intracellularly during the first hours and C. albicans germination resulted in collapse of the mast cell plasma membrane (arrow).
Lopes, J.P. et al. Opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans elicits a temporal response in primary human mast cells. Sci. Rep. 5, 12287; doi: 10.1038/srep12287 (2015).

VIDEO 3
Supplemental file 3 - Video S2. RAW264.7 macrophages expressing eGFP-Rab14 phagocytosing live C. albicans hyphae.
Okai B, Lyall N, Gow NAR, Bain JM, Erwig L-P. 2015. Rab14 regulates maturation of macrophage phagosomes containing the fungal pathogen Candida albicans and outcome of the host-pathogen interaction. Infect Immun 83:1523–1535. doi:10.1128/IAI.02917-14 .

VIDEO 4
Histopathology Colon, esophagus --Candidiasis
John R. Minarcik, MD (WashingtonDeceit) Medical School Pathology