Chapter -2 || Metabolism Of Carbohydrates (Part-13) || Metabolism Of Fructose
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📌𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻 𝗢𝘂𝗿 𝗧𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗹 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗲:- https://t.me/bhanuprakashdr
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Fructose metabolism is a critical process in the body, as fructose is a simple sugar commonly found in fruits, honey, and high-fructose corn syrup. Understanding how fructose is metabolized is essential for comprehending various metabolic disorders and the role of diet in health. Here's a detailed explanation of fructose metabolism:
1. **Absorption and Transport**:
- After ingestion, fructose is absorbed from the small intestine into the bloodstream primarily via facilitated diffusion using the GLUT5 transporter.
- Fructose is then transported to the liver via the portal vein, where the majority of its metabolism occurs.
2. **Fructolysis**:
- Fructose metabolism primarily involves the process of fructolysis, which occurs in the liver.
- Fructolysis begins with the phosphorylation of fructose to fructose-1-phosphate by fructokinase (also known as ketohexokinase), utilizing one molecule of ATP.
- Unlike glucose metabolism, which is tightly regulated, fructolysis is not regulated by insulin and proceeds rapidly.
3. **Formation of Glyceraldehyde and DHAP**:
- Fructose-1-phosphate is then cleaved into glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) by the enzyme aldolase B.
- Glyceraldehyde can be further metabolized in the glycolytic pathway to ultimately produce pyruvate.
- DHAP can be converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, another intermediate in glycolysis.
4. **Conversion to Glucose and Glycogen**:
- Glyceraldehyde produced from fructose metabolism can enter glycolysis and be converted into pyruvate.
- Pyruvate can then be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis, contributing to blood glucose levels.
- Additionally, some of the glucose produced may be utilized for glycogen synthesis in the liver.
5. **Formation of Triglycerides**:
- Excess fructose can also be metabolized into triglycerides (fat) in the liver through de novo lipogenesis.
- This process involves the conversion of DHAP and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into glycerol-3-phosphate, which serves as the backbone for triglyceride synthesis.
6. **Regulation**:
- Fructokinase, the enzyme responsible for the phosphorylation of fructose, is not subject to feedback inhibition and operates at a constant rate.
- However, the downstream enzymes involved in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipogenesis are subject to regulation by various factors, including hormonal signals and substrate availability.
7. **Biological Significance**:
- Fructose metabolism plays a crucial role in energy metabolism, contributing to glucose production, glycogen synthesis, and lipid metabolism.
- Excessive consumption of fructose, particularly in the form of high-fructose corn syrup, has been linked to metabolic disorders such as obesity, insulin resistance, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Understanding fructose metabolism is important for healthcare professionals, particularly in the context of managing metabolic disorders and advising patients on dietary choices to promote overall health and well-being.
📌𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻 𝗢𝘂𝗿 𝗧𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗹 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗲:- https://t.me/bhanuprakashdr
📌𝗦𝘂𝗯𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗯𝗲 𝗧𝗼 𝗠𝘆 𝗠𝗮𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘁:- https://linktr.ee/DrGBhanuprakash
Fructose metabolism is a critical process in the body, as fructose is a simple sugar commonly found in fruits, honey, and high-fructose corn syrup. Understanding how fructose is metabolized is essential for comprehending various metabolic disorders and the role of diet in health. Here's a detailed explanation of fructose metabolism:
1. **Absorption and Transport**:
- After ingestion, fructose is absorbed from the small intestine into the bloodstream primarily via facilitated diffusion using the GLUT5 transporter.
- Fructose is then transported to the liver via the portal vein, where the majority of its metabolism occurs.
2. **Fructolysis**:
- Fructose metabolism primarily involves the process of fructolysis, which occurs in the liver.
- Fructolysis begins with the phosphorylation of fructose to fructose-1-phosphate by fructokinase (also known as ketohexokinase), utilizing one molecule of ATP.
- Unlike glucose metabolism, which is tightly regulated, fructolysis is not regulated by insulin and proceeds rapidly.
3. **Formation of Glyceraldehyde and DHAP**:
- Fructose-1-phosphate is then cleaved into glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) by the enzyme aldolase B.
- Glyceraldehyde can be further metabolized in the glycolytic pathway to ultimately produce pyruvate.
- DHAP can be converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, another intermediate in glycolysis.
4. **Conversion to Glucose and Glycogen**:
- Glyceraldehyde produced from fructose metabolism can enter glycolysis and be converted into pyruvate.
- Pyruvate can then be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis, contributing to blood glucose levels.
- Additionally, some of the glucose produced may be utilized for glycogen synthesis in the liver.
5. **Formation of Triglycerides**:
- Excess fructose can also be metabolized into triglycerides (fat) in the liver through de novo lipogenesis.
- This process involves the conversion of DHAP and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into glycerol-3-phosphate, which serves as the backbone for triglyceride synthesis.
6. **Regulation**:
- Fructokinase, the enzyme responsible for the phosphorylation of fructose, is not subject to feedback inhibition and operates at a constant rate.
- However, the downstream enzymes involved in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipogenesis are subject to regulation by various factors, including hormonal signals and substrate availability.
7. **Biological Significance**:
- Fructose metabolism plays a crucial role in energy metabolism, contributing to glucose production, glycogen synthesis, and lipid metabolism.
- Excessive consumption of fructose, particularly in the form of high-fructose corn syrup, has been linked to metabolic disorders such as obesity, insulin resistance, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Understanding fructose metabolism is important for healthcare professionals, particularly in the context of managing metabolic disorders and advising patients on dietary choices to promote overall health and well-being.
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