Thermal Equilibrium

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Thermal Equilibrium

A system is said to be in the state of thermodynamic or thermal equilibrium if the macroscopic variables describing the thermodynamic state of the system do not change with respect to time. For example, consider a gas inside a closed rigid container completely insulated from the outer surroundings, if the temperature, pressure, volume and the mass of the system remains constant, they do not change with time, such system is called is in the state of thermal equilibrium. A system is in the state of thermal equilibrium if it posses the following three types of the equilibrium.

(i) Mechanical equilibrium: There is no unbalanced force in its interior or between the system and the surroundings.

(ii) Thermal equilibrium: All parts of the system and the surroundings are at the same temperature.

(iii) Chemical equilibrium: The system does not undergo any spontaneous change in its internal structure due to chemical reactions such as diffusion, etc.

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