Neogene Life & Human Evolution from Early Apes to Australopithecus to Homo | GEO GIRL
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Life in the Neogene Period
Life in the Neogene Period (mid-late Cenozoic, 23-2.6 million yrs ago) was starting to look more like life today. Whales were becoming fully aquatic, ungulates were growing larger molar teeth to eat the expanding grasses, herbs evolved and expanded along with grasses leading to radiations of rodents, songbirds, & snakes, and homo sapiens (humans) evolved.
Early apes evolved from monkeys in Africa around 20 million years ago. Soon after, Africa collided with Eurasia allowing the spread of these apes throughout both continents. Hominins (the taxinomic family that includes humans) evolved around 6-7 million years ago, and a subfamily of Hominins called Australopithecines evolved soon after. The genus, Australopithecus, evolved around 4 million years ago, exhibited increased bipedalism, and eventually evolved into early Homo (the human genus). Homo habilus evolved ~2.4 million years ago with bigger brains that they used to fashion stone tools that they used to sever meat from bones. This transition to bigger brains was due to increased pelvis size due to increased bipedalism which was forced due to the shrinkage of forests and lack of trees available to climb. Bigger brains came at the price of helpless babies (due to delayed brain growth until after birth), but the pros of intelligence quickly outweighed those cons. After Homo habilus came Homo erectus which evolved ~2 million years ago and survived until less than 100,000 years ago. Another notable (potential human ancestor) was Homo heidelbergensis, which may have been the species that branched off into the two lineages that led to Homo neanderthalensis (neanderthals) and Homo sapiens (humans). Neanderthals evolved ~530,000 years ago and humans around 300,000 years ago. Humans and Neanderthals interbred before Neanderthals finally went extinct ~30,000 years ago leaving humans to take over Earth.
References: Earth System History: https://amzn.to/3v1Iy0G
2021 Human Evolution paper w/diversification graphs & cultural evolution figure: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba3776
GEO GIRL Website: https://www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, and donate to support the channel if you'd like!)
Studying for an exam? Schedule Tutoring with me: https://GEOGIRLTutoring.as.me/
Hey there, Earth enthusiast! Check my favorite Earth-friendly products:
Bamboo toilet paper: https://shrsl.com/3cvku
Bamboo paper towels: https://shrsl.com/3cvkw
Compostable tableware: https://shrsl.com/3cvkz
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Reusable straws + cleaning brushes (my fav!): https://shrsl.com/3cwft
Eco-friendly laundry detergent: https://shrsl.com/3cwgo
Directly offset your carbon footprint with Wren: https://www.wren.co/
(Just click link, press get started, take the free C footprint quiz, then choose how much you want to reduce your footprint by donating to the C sequestration projects they're funding!)
Non-textbook books I recommend:
Oxygen by D. Canfield: https://amzn.to/3gffbCL
Brief history of Earth by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/3w3hC1I
Life on young planet by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/2RBMpny
Some assembly required by N. Shubin: https://amzn.to/3w1Ezm2
Your inner fish by N. Shubin: https://amzn.to/3cpw3Wb
Oxygen by N. Lane: https://amzn.to/3z4FgwZ
Alien Oceans by K. Hand: https://amzn.to/3clMx1l
Life's Engines: https://amzn.to/3w1Nhke
Tools I use as a geologist/teacher/student:
Geology field notebook: https://amzn.to/3lb6dJf
Geology rock hammer: https://amzn.to/3DZw8MA
Geological compass: https://amzn.to/3hfbdLu
Geological hand lens: https://amzn.to/3jXysM5
Camera: https://amzn.to/3l6fGRT
Carbon-neutral pencil bag: https://shrsl.com/3cvjv
Carbon-neutral backpack: https://shrsl.com/3cvkc
0:00 Life Events in the Neogene
1:11 Marine Life
2:54 Cooling & Drying changed environments
4:01 Animal success cascaded up food web
4:36 Large mammals during Neogene
5:52 Unusual mass extinction ~6-7 Ma
6:55 When Apes evolved
8:00 When Hominins evolved
8:40 Australopithecus led Homo
10:33 Homo Habilis (Handy Man) made tools
11:17 Baby brains of Australopithecus vs Homo
13:35 Aridity forced Australopithecus to leave trees
14:34 Larger pelvises allowed larger brains
14:56 Homo erectus & Flores people
16:30 Homo heidelbergensis
17:04 Neanderthal brains & culture
18:44 Homo sapiens tools & jewelry
19:36 When Neanderthals & Humans Interbred
19:56 Human cultural evolution
21:36 related videos & references
Disclaimer: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. If you purchase a product or service with the links that I provide I may receive a small commission, but there is no additional charge to you! Thank you for supporting my channel so I can continue to provide you with free content each week! And as always, let me know your topic suggestions in the comments down below!
Early apes evolved from monkeys in Africa around 20 million years ago. Soon after, Africa collided with Eurasia allowing the spread of these apes throughout both continents. Hominins (the taxinomic family that includes humans) evolved around 6-7 million years ago, and a subfamily of Hominins called Australopithecines evolved soon after. The genus, Australopithecus, evolved around 4 million years ago, exhibited increased bipedalism, and eventually evolved into early Homo (the human genus). Homo habilus evolved ~2.4 million years ago with bigger brains that they used to fashion stone tools that they used to sever meat from bones. This transition to bigger brains was due to increased pelvis size due to increased bipedalism which was forced due to the shrinkage of forests and lack of trees available to climb. Bigger brains came at the price of helpless babies (due to delayed brain growth until after birth), but the pros of intelligence quickly outweighed those cons. After Homo habilus came Homo erectus which evolved ~2 million years ago and survived until less than 100,000 years ago. Another notable (potential human ancestor) was Homo heidelbergensis, which may have been the species that branched off into the two lineages that led to Homo neanderthalensis (neanderthals) and Homo sapiens (humans). Neanderthals evolved ~530,000 years ago and humans around 300,000 years ago. Humans and Neanderthals interbred before Neanderthals finally went extinct ~30,000 years ago leaving humans to take over Earth.
References: Earth System History: https://amzn.to/3v1Iy0G
2021 Human Evolution paper w/diversification graphs & cultural evolution figure: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba3776
GEO GIRL Website: https://www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, and donate to support the channel if you'd like!)
Studying for an exam? Schedule Tutoring with me: https://GEOGIRLTutoring.as.me/
Hey there, Earth enthusiast! Check my favorite Earth-friendly products:
Bamboo toilet paper: https://shrsl.com/3cvku
Bamboo paper towels: https://shrsl.com/3cvkw
Compostable tableware: https://shrsl.com/3cvkz
Compostable trash bags: https://shrsl.com/3cvl0
Bamboo cutlery + straw! : https://shrsl.com/3cwfl
Eco-Friendly Tote (great for grocery shopping!): https://shrsl.com/3cwfp
Reusable straws + cleaning brushes (my fav!): https://shrsl.com/3cwft
Eco-friendly laundry detergent: https://shrsl.com/3cwgo
Directly offset your carbon footprint with Wren: https://www.wren.co/
(Just click link, press get started, take the free C footprint quiz, then choose how much you want to reduce your footprint by donating to the C sequestration projects they're funding!)
Non-textbook books I recommend:
Oxygen by D. Canfield: https://amzn.to/3gffbCL
Brief history of Earth by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/3w3hC1I
Life on young planet by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/2RBMpny
Some assembly required by N. Shubin: https://amzn.to/3w1Ezm2
Your inner fish by N. Shubin: https://amzn.to/3cpw3Wb
Oxygen by N. Lane: https://amzn.to/3z4FgwZ
Alien Oceans by K. Hand: https://amzn.to/3clMx1l
Life's Engines: https://amzn.to/3w1Nhke
Tools I use as a geologist/teacher/student:
Geology field notebook: https://amzn.to/3lb6dJf
Geology rock hammer: https://amzn.to/3DZw8MA
Geological compass: https://amzn.to/3hfbdLu
Geological hand lens: https://amzn.to/3jXysM5
Camera: https://amzn.to/3l6fGRT
Carbon-neutral pencil bag: https://shrsl.com/3cvjv
Carbon-neutral backpack: https://shrsl.com/3cvkc
0:00 Life Events in the Neogene
1:11 Marine Life
2:54 Cooling & Drying changed environments
4:01 Animal success cascaded up food web
4:36 Large mammals during Neogene
5:52 Unusual mass extinction ~6-7 Ma
6:55 When Apes evolved
8:00 When Hominins evolved
8:40 Australopithecus led Homo
10:33 Homo Habilis (Handy Man) made tools
11:17 Baby brains of Australopithecus vs Homo
13:35 Aridity forced Australopithecus to leave trees
14:34 Larger pelvises allowed larger brains
14:56 Homo erectus & Flores people
16:30 Homo heidelbergensis
17:04 Neanderthal brains & culture
18:44 Homo sapiens tools & jewelry
19:36 When Neanderthals & Humans Interbred
19:56 Human cultural evolution
21:36 related videos & references
Disclaimer: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. If you purchase a product or service with the links that I provide I may receive a small commission, but there is no additional charge to you! Thank you for supporting my channel so I can continue to provide you with free content each week! And as always, let me know your topic suggestions in the comments down below!
2 سال پیش
در تاریخ 1401/03/01 منتشر شده
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