郎世寧 Giuseppe Castiglione (1688-1760) Painter Italian

Tuen Tony Kwok
Tuen Tony Kwok
6.6 هزار بار بازدید - 7 سال پیش - tonykwk39Ggamil.com Giuseppe Castiglione was born
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Giuseppe Castiglione was born in the parish of San Marcellino in Milan; his baptismal certificate is kept in the diocesan historical archive.  On 16 January 1707 it became a Jesuit entering the novitiate at Genoa , where they are still kept eight large paintings attributed to him.  Namely for the Chinese mission, the fact that the then emperor, Kangxi, demanded a talented Italian painter, moved to Portugal in 1710 , in Coimbra , awaiting embarkation for Asia. Coimbra painted the chapel of the novitiate, and made two portraits for the children of the queen of Portugal, now lost.
From Lisbon in 1714 , after stopping in Goa , Macau and Canton , in 1715 he arrived as a missionary in China, a painter at the imperial court in Beijing. In the beginning, under Emperor Kangxi he worked in collaboration with other artists, but at that time there seemed to be no work accomplished exclusively by Castiglione. During his stay in China, Castiglione assumed the name of Láng Shínng ( 郎世寧 , Peace of the World).
Kangxi died in 1722 and his successor Yongzheng allowed the Milanese artist to stay at court as a painter.
The third emperor under which Castiglione worked was Qianlong , a man of open views and a great lover of art and culture. Castiglione spent 51 years as a court painter painting various subjects. He created a unique genre, made of a mixture of European painting and aesthetics of the best Chinese society of the eighteenth century . Particularly important are portraits of the Emperor and his concubines, courtesy extraordinary, and imperial horses, especially the long roll of one hundred horses and the vertical painting of the eight horses, kept in the museum of the Taipei Palace .
His fame and his greatness as an artist made Qianlong entrust to Castiglione the design and completion of the fountains and decorations of the western-style pavilions inside the gardens of the Old Summer Palace .  For this great building, Castiglione met a team of Western artists, including the French architect Michel Benoist , also a Jesuit, and together with these he worked for the construction and completion of those pavilions that became a favorite place for afternoons of the emperor and the concubines. Castiglione is the creation of the twelve bronzes that adorned the Yuanming Yuan zodiacal fountain , designed by Michel Benoist. Unfortunately, the entire western pavilions of the Old Summer Palace were later destroyed by Anglo-French troops in 1860 , so today only ruins can be visited.
Giuseppe Castiglione died in Beijing on July 17, 1766 . Emperor Qianlong, now his great friend and admirer, ordered that his imperial funeral, which corresponds to his high rank of second-class mandarin , be honored in his honor .
郎世寧,原名朱塞佩·伽斯底里奧內(意大利語:Giuseppe Castiglione,1688年7月19日-1766年7月17日),意大利人,天主教耶穌會傳教士及中國宮廷畫家,寫實畫風紀錄了清朝初期的中國宮廷人物與景色。
郎世寧本名為朱塞佩·伽斯底里奧內(朱塞佩·卡斯提永尼)(Giuseppe Castiglione),出生於意大利米蘭公國的聖馬爾切利諾,自幼受到良好的藝術文化氛圍的薰陶,青年時期隨卡洛科納拉學習繪畫與建築。郎世寧年輕時進入一個米蘭著名畫家的畫室。郎世寧的父母了解他對於繪畫的喜愛,所以他們幫助他進入畫室。文獻是說當時五六歲的郎世寧既進入著名畫家的畫室,但文獻卻不說畫師是誰。我們猜測是Filippo Abbiati或是卡洛科納拉,當時最有名的畫家之一,那位畫師收到來自米蘭的聖堂以及貴族宮殿的最重要委託。六歲的郎世寧在畫室開始打工,磨顏色,摹仿老師的畫,還複製在米蘭收集成的畫。在1707年,19歲時左右加入了熱那亞耶穌會。剛開始只為意大利的教堂畫壁畫,1714年居往在葡萄牙里斯本及科英布拉。逐漸對中國產生了相當大的興趣,1715年,前往中國。期間曾於澳門學習中文、並以「郎世寧」作為漢名 。
康熙五十四年(1715年)到中國時,郎世寧被康熙帝以藝術家的身份召進宮中,他成為宮廷畫家後,每天都在畫室作畫。此外,他繼續學習漢文和滿文。康熙六十一年(1722年),康熙帝駕崩。雍正帝繼位後,施行禁教政策,下令驅逐在中國境內的傳教士,不過只有在宮廷服務的傳教士例外,因此他不僅沒有受到驅逐,反而受到更高的禮遇,因為他擁有生動現實的繪畫風格,受到雍正帝的青睞。這一段時期,他創作了《聚瑞圖》、《嵩獻英芝圖》、《八駿圖》等作品,展示歐洲明暗畫法的風格,使歐洲油畫技藝在宮廷內盛極一時。雍正帝下令擴建圓明園,他參與圓明園的規劃設計,負責繪製園林建設的藍圖,也畫出不少裝飾殿堂的作品 。但來自康熙的委任工作大部分都丟了,只有很少數的還在,我們不太知道當時郎世寧畫了什麼。雍正時,郎世寧完成一幅最重要畫作之一。這幅畫是郎世寧在北京開始的。那幅委任畫作就是一幅「百駿圖」的手卷,擺在桌上的手卷裏,可以看見風景和百匹馬,那些全是皇帝的馬。在百駿圖中,第一幅見證畫,郎世寧馬上讓大家看自己的獨創性。他的獨創是聯合義式方法與中國的美學。郎世寧從劇場畫法的透視感,呈現出百駿圖的風光。這是一個具有不同重點的透視感,而不是一個線性的透視。郎世寧的方法,是用交點透視(linear perspective),或稱直線透視法,讓透視視覺跟中華畫空間的方式結合。所以,一幅畫裏也有很多案例,有的部份遵照透視的規定,也有別的部份遵照等角投影(axonometric isometric projection),中國畫家用的,或在別處遵照空氣透視(atmospheric perspective),用水墨,液體的顏料。例如用在畫像和顏色的對照。
雍正十三年(1735年),雍正帝駕崩。乾隆帝繼位後,由於乾隆帝雅好藝術,郎世寧更加受到重用。他曾多次陪同乾隆帝出巡,出席各種重大場合,創作一批極具歷史價值的藝術珍品,代表作如《乾隆大閱圖》。他繼續擔任圓明園西洋樓的建築設計,還曾一度擔任掌管皇家園林工作的奉宸苑苑卿一職,官居正三品 。
乾隆二十三年(1758年),乾隆帝曾為郎世寧舉辦七十歲大壽,證明他在宮中頗受禮遇及恩寵。晚年亦為乾隆帝及其妃留下不少的肖像。乾隆三十一年(1766年),郎世寧去世,享年78歲,再追封侍郎銜。葬於滕公柵欄 。
在他之後的西洋傳教士畫家有王致誠、艾啟蒙(Ignaz Sichelbarth)、賀清泰、潘廷章等。
今日郎世寧的畫作在中國畫拍賣市場中是相當高價的作品,2000年他的《蘋野秋鳴》賣出價是1765.5萬港幣,是當時第二高價賣出的中國畫,2005年5月,他的《秋林群鹿》更是拍賣出的價格達到2149.68萬人民幣 。
郎世寧雖然最初以傳教士的身份來中國,但在康熙、雍正、乾隆三代對基督宗教的壓制中,他並沒有因此被逐出紫禁城,反而極受禮遇,有很大一部分的原因是,他在清朝宮中擁有宮廷畫師的職位,儘管他本人始終不曾忘記傳教的想法,然而在禁教政策之下,凡是有任何企圖傳教的舉止,都會被禁止,使得他終生未能實現傳教的願望,因此在中國,多稱他為宮廷畫家,而少稱他為傳教士 。
郎世寧在一生大半待在中國,歷代康熙、雍正、乾隆三朝,計約有50餘年。他不僅為後世留下大量珍貴的畫作,而且對中西文化交流有一定程度的貢獻。他的宮廷畫作品融合中西繪畫藝術,不但表現出西方繪畫中的寫實、立體、注重線條和結構等特點,也表現出中國傳統繪畫的傳神與韻味,在數十年的探索中,致力於融合中西方繪畫技法於一體,創作出獨特的畫風,儘管擁有一定的藝術價值,然而他的繪畫作品較為重視技巧而非藝術的探索,因此不論在中國和西方均未被視為偉大的作品。另外他參與圓明園的規劃設計,其內部的建築、環境和式樣採用了西方藝術巴洛克式風格,而裝飾細節上則有具有東方中國的藝術神韻。他引進西方文藝復興時期開創的明暗寫實畫法,並改用膠狀顏料在宣紙上作畫,也就是今日的膠彩畫作法。他曾試圖要求康熙帝開辦學習用西方透視原理來繪畫的繪畫學校,但不被採用,後來與中國學者年希堯一起出版了一本《視學》,是中國第一部西洋透視學專著。 。
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