13. Regulation of blood glucose level

Notes available in Community post of Youtube
Normal level
Fasting plasma glucose- 70 to 110 mg/dl
Post meal plasma glucose-110 to 140 mg/dl
Random plasma glucose- 70 to 140 mg/dl

SOURCES OF BLOOD GLUCOSE AND UTILIZATION
Effect of hormones
1. Insulin- lowers blood glucose, increases uptake, promote Glycogenesis and glycolysis, inhibit gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
2. Glucagon- increases blood glucose, promote glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
3. Epinephrine- increases blood glucose, promote glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
4. Growth hormone, cortisol, ACTH, thyroid hormones- increases blood glucose

ROLE OF GLUCAGON AND EPINEPHRINE IN GLUCOSE REGULATION
ROLE OF INSULIN IN GLUCOSE REGULATION
GLUCOSE UTILIZATION IN DIFFERENT STATES
1. In well fed state – dietary glucose is used for glycogen and fat synthesis. All cells utilize glucose as a source of energy.
2. Post absorptive state- in this state source of glucose is by hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to some extent. Source of energy for brain is glucose. Liver and skeletal muscle utilizes fatty acids as a source of energy.
3. Starvation- After 16 to 18 hrs of fast glycogen store get completely Depleted. Gluconeogenesis in liver and kidney is main source of glucose. Brain utilizes glucose and ketone bodies as a fuel.
4. Prolonged starvation- after several days, main source for gluconeogenesis is muscle proteins. Brain completely depends on ketone bodies as a fuel.

Renal threshold- level of plasma glucose beyond which it is excreted in urine (180mg/dl )
Methods of estimation of plasma glucose
1. Glucose oxidase-peroxidase method
2. Hexokinase method
3. By glucometer

Increase/ Decrease in plasma glucose is called as HYPERGLYCEMIA/HYPOGLYCEMIA

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