Politeness & Face Theory by Brown and Levinson - Pragmatics
29.1 هزار بار بازدید -
3 سال پیش
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"𝗣𝗼𝗹𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀 & 𝗙𝗮𝗰𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗼𝗿𝘆" 𝗯𝘆
"𝗣𝗼𝗹𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀 & 𝗙𝗮𝗰𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗼𝗿𝘆" 𝗯𝘆 𝗕𝗿𝗼𝘄𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗲𝘃𝗶𝗻𝘀𝗼𝗻 - 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗿𝘀𝗲 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘆𝘀𝗶𝘀
Linguistic politeness can be defined as the ways in which language is employed in conversation to show consideration for the feelings and desires of one’s speech partners, to create and uphold interpersonal relationships (so-called politic behavior), and to comply with the rules for what society or one’s culture considers appropriate behavior.
Brown and Levinson use the concept of face derived from Goffman to explain politeness. To them, politeness is universal, resulting from people's face needs:
A positive face is the desire to be liked, appreciated, approved, etc.
A negative face is the desire not to be imposed upon, intruded, or otherwise put upon.
Formulated by Penelope Brown & Stephen Levinson in 1978
Extended the idea of face given by Goffman’s (1967) work on the face.
Politeness theory gives choices in employing a particular politeness strategy depend upon the social circumstances in which the speech act occurs. That is, to who are you speaking, what is your social relationship with that person, and what is the topic?
We can think of politeness in general terms as having to do with ideas like being tactful, modest and nice to other people. In the study of linguistic politeness, the most relevant concept is “face.” Your face, in pragmatics, is your public self-image. This is the emotional and social sense of self that everyone has and expects everyone else to recognize. Politeness can be defined as showing awareness and consideration of another person’s face.
If you say something that represents a threat to another person’s self-image, that is called a face-threatening act. For example, if you use a direct speech act to get someone to do something (Give me that paper!), you are behaving as if you have more social power than the other person. If you don’t have that social power e.g., you’re not a military officer or prison warden), then you are performing a face-threatening act. An indirect speech act, in the form associated with a question (Could you pass me that paper?), removes the assumption of social power. You’re only asking if it’s possible. This makes your request less threatening to the other person’s face. Whenever you say something that lessens the possible threat to another’s face, it can be described as a face-saving act.
Could you please reduce the sound of the music?
Can you please stop driving too fast?
I hope you won’t ask me about this again.
Can you pass me the salt?
Would you mind stepping aside? I have got a purchase to make.
Kindly, stop acting like a child please. (Reduction of possible threat or power showcasing).
Do an FTA baldly, with no politeness (e.g., "Close your mouth when you eat you swine.").
Do an FTA with positive politeness (e.g., "You have such beautiful teeth. I just wish I didn't see them when you eat.").
Do an FTA with negative politeness (e.g., "I know you're very hungry and that steak is a bit tough, but I would appreciate it if you would chew with your mouth closed.").
Do an FTA indirectly, or off-record (e.g., "I wonder how far a person's lips can stretch yet remain closed when eating?"). An indirect FTA is ambiguous so the receiver may "catch the drift
3 سال پیش
در تاریخ 1400/03/04 منتشر شده
است.
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