Hofstede's Framework
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One of the most widely
One of the most widely referenced approaches for analyzing cultural variations was done by Hofstede. Hofstede surveyed more than 116,000 IBM employees in 40 countries about their work-related values and found that managers and employees varied on five value dimensions of national culture. Power distance describes the degree to which people in a country accept that power in organizations is distributed unequally. For example, a low power distance rating characterizes societies that stress equality and opportunity.
Collectivism emphasizes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them. Individualism stresses an individual’s rights above all else. Hofstede’s construct of masculinity is the degree to which the culture favors traditional masculine roles such as achievement, power, and control, as opposed to viewing men and women as equals. Uncertainty avoidance refers to the preference for structured over unstructured situations. Cultures low on uncertainty avoidance are more accepting of ambiguity, are less rule oriented, take more risks, and accept change more readily.
This typology measures a society’s devotion to traditional values. People in a culture with long-term orientation look to the future and value thrift, persistence, and tradition. Research across 598 studies with more than 200,000 respondents has investigated the relationship of Hofstede’s cultural values and a variety of organizational criteria at both the individual and national level of analysis. Overall, the five original culture dimensions were found to be equally strong predictors of relevant outcomes.
Collectivism emphasizes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them. Individualism stresses an individual’s rights above all else. Hofstede’s construct of masculinity is the degree to which the culture favors traditional masculine roles such as achievement, power, and control, as opposed to viewing men and women as equals. Uncertainty avoidance refers to the preference for structured over unstructured situations. Cultures low on uncertainty avoidance are more accepting of ambiguity, are less rule oriented, take more risks, and accept change more readily.
This typology measures a society’s devotion to traditional values. People in a culture with long-term orientation look to the future and value thrift, persistence, and tradition. Research across 598 studies with more than 200,000 respondents has investigated the relationship of Hofstede’s cultural values and a variety of organizational criteria at both the individual and national level of analysis. Overall, the five original culture dimensions were found to be equally strong predictors of relevant outcomes.
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در تاریخ 1402/03/14 منتشر شده
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