Max Weber’s - Bureaucracy | Explained | Features, Advantages & Problems |Hindi/ English - Free Notes
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Introduction to Bureaucracy - Features,
Introduction to Bureaucracy - Features, Advantages & Problems
Max Weber is known as the Father of Bureaucracy.
Weber made a study of different types of business and government organizations and distinguished 3 basic types of administration in them: Leader-oriented, Tradition- Oriented and Bureaucratic . Weber consider this last type as the ideal type of administration.
A bureaucracy is an administrative or social system that relies on a set of rules and procedures, separation of functions and a hierarchical structure in implementing controls over an organization, government or social system.
Features of Bureaucracy
Weber has given a number of features of bureaucracy. Accordingly, following features suggest the characteristics of bureaucratic organizations:
1. Administrative class
Bureaucratic organizations generally have administrative class responsible for maintaining coordinative activities of the members. Main features of this class are:
i. People are paid and are whole time employees.
ii. They receive salary and other perquisites normally based on their positions.
iii. Their tenure in the organization is determined by the rules and regulations of the organization.
iv. They do not have any proprietary interest in the organization.
v. They are selected for the purpose of employment.
2. Hierarchy
The basic feature of bureaucratic organization is that there is a hierarchy of positions in the organization. The bureaucratic organization follows the principle of hierarchy i.e. lower office is subject to control and supervision by a higher office.
3. Division of work
Work of the organization is divided on the basis of specialization to take advantages of division of labor. Division of labour tries to ensure that each office has a clearly defined area of competence within the organsiation and each official knows the areas in which he operates and the areas in which he must abstain from action so that he does not overstep the boundary between his role and those of others. Further, division of labour also tries to ensure that no work is left uncovered.
Advantages of Bureaucracy
1. Specialization
Bureaucracy offers a valid basis for dividing work. The organization is divided into different functional departments. People can specialize in their respective fields and show improved performance.
2. Rationality
Bureaucracy brings rationality to an organization. Judgements are made according to an objective and generally agreed upon criteria. Further, by structuring the duties, responsibilities and reporting relationships in a command hierarchy, bureaucracy provides form or substance to an organization. Such logical structuring of activities brings about orderly execution of assigned tasks.
3. Predictability
The rules, regulations, training, specialization, structure and other elements of bureaucracy enable it to provide predictability and stability to an organization. For example, bureaucracy enables a fresh student to predict with high confidence that his university will still be in existence three years later when he expects to receive a degree from it. He is also sure about the curriculum he will be required to take and he knows much about the university's rules and regulations that will govern his behavior.
4. Democracy
In bureaucratic organizations decisions are arrived at according to an acceptable criterion. Rules and regulations bring about consistent behaviour within the organization. Activities are taken up on a priority basis, according to a time schedule. People are selected on the basis of merit. Patronage, favoritism and other arbitrary bases are not given weightage. Because the opportunity to train, apply and be selected for a job is open to every citizen, a significant degree of democracy is achieved.
Problems in Bureaucracy
The major problems of bureaucracy organization are:
1. Invalidity of Bureaucracy Assumptions
Many authors and scholars believe that the conditions of bureaucracy are not found in practice or even if found they may not result into efficiency. Some aspects of invalidity of bureaucracy are given below:
i. Rigid organizational hierarchy works against efficiency as it over emphasize superior-subordinate relationships.
ii. Rules are normally provided for guidelines but often they become source of inefficiency because of too much emphasis on rules and their misuse.
iii. In dealing with people, total impersonal approach cannot be adopted because people having feelings, emotions and sentiments which affect decision making. Thus people cannot work totally according to rules and prescriptions.
......
Max Weber is known as the Father of Bureaucracy.
Weber made a study of different types of business and government organizations and distinguished 3 basic types of administration in them: Leader-oriented, Tradition- Oriented and Bureaucratic . Weber consider this last type as the ideal type of administration.
A bureaucracy is an administrative or social system that relies on a set of rules and procedures, separation of functions and a hierarchical structure in implementing controls over an organization, government or social system.
Features of Bureaucracy
Weber has given a number of features of bureaucracy. Accordingly, following features suggest the characteristics of bureaucratic organizations:
1. Administrative class
Bureaucratic organizations generally have administrative class responsible for maintaining coordinative activities of the members. Main features of this class are:
i. People are paid and are whole time employees.
ii. They receive salary and other perquisites normally based on their positions.
iii. Their tenure in the organization is determined by the rules and regulations of the organization.
iv. They do not have any proprietary interest in the organization.
v. They are selected for the purpose of employment.
2. Hierarchy
The basic feature of bureaucratic organization is that there is a hierarchy of positions in the organization. The bureaucratic organization follows the principle of hierarchy i.e. lower office is subject to control and supervision by a higher office.
3. Division of work
Work of the organization is divided on the basis of specialization to take advantages of division of labor. Division of labour tries to ensure that each office has a clearly defined area of competence within the organsiation and each official knows the areas in which he operates and the areas in which he must abstain from action so that he does not overstep the boundary between his role and those of others. Further, division of labour also tries to ensure that no work is left uncovered.
Advantages of Bureaucracy
1. Specialization
Bureaucracy offers a valid basis for dividing work. The organization is divided into different functional departments. People can specialize in their respective fields and show improved performance.
2. Rationality
Bureaucracy brings rationality to an organization. Judgements are made according to an objective and generally agreed upon criteria. Further, by structuring the duties, responsibilities and reporting relationships in a command hierarchy, bureaucracy provides form or substance to an organization. Such logical structuring of activities brings about orderly execution of assigned tasks.
3. Predictability
The rules, regulations, training, specialization, structure and other elements of bureaucracy enable it to provide predictability and stability to an organization. For example, bureaucracy enables a fresh student to predict with high confidence that his university will still be in existence three years later when he expects to receive a degree from it. He is also sure about the curriculum he will be required to take and he knows much about the university's rules and regulations that will govern his behavior.
4. Democracy
In bureaucratic organizations decisions are arrived at according to an acceptable criterion. Rules and regulations bring about consistent behaviour within the organization. Activities are taken up on a priority basis, according to a time schedule. People are selected on the basis of merit. Patronage, favoritism and other arbitrary bases are not given weightage. Because the opportunity to train, apply and be selected for a job is open to every citizen, a significant degree of democracy is achieved.
Problems in Bureaucracy
The major problems of bureaucracy organization are:
1. Invalidity of Bureaucracy Assumptions
Many authors and scholars believe that the conditions of bureaucracy are not found in practice or even if found they may not result into efficiency. Some aspects of invalidity of bureaucracy are given below:
i. Rigid organizational hierarchy works against efficiency as it over emphasize superior-subordinate relationships.
ii. Rules are normally provided for guidelines but often they become source of inefficiency because of too much emphasis on rules and their misuse.
iii. In dealing with people, total impersonal approach cannot be adopted because people having feelings, emotions and sentiments which affect decision making. Thus people cannot work totally according to rules and prescriptions.
......
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