What is Dependency Injection?
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What is dependency injection? What
What is dependency injection? What is Inversion of Control?
There are two of the most misunderstood topics in all of software development, and the amount of misinformation on the Internet isn't helping.
In this Dependency Injection tutorial we will explain exactly what Dependency Injection is, what Dependency Injection isn't, and what types of things you can do with modern Dependency Injection and Inversion of Control frameworks.
Now what follows below is AI generated content to capture keywords, and it may very well be wrong. So watch the video and head over to TheServerSide where I'm the Editor-in-Chief. We've got lots of great and accurate information on IoC and DI.
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Inversion of Control (IoC) and Dependency Injection (DI) are key concepts in modern software development, especially in object-oriented programming (OOP). These patterns help developers create loosely coupled, more maintainable, and testable code. Here’s a look at their history and evolution.
Origins of Inversion of Control (IoC)
The concept of Inversion of Control predates Dependency Injection and has roots in OOP's early principles. In the 1980s, as OOP started gaining traction with languages like Smalltalk, C++, and later Java, developers began exploring how to make code more reusable and adaptable. The traditional approach to software design was procedural, where control flow was tightly managed by the code itself, making it hard to modify or extend without altering core functionality.
IoC emerged as a solution to this rigidity. Rather than a module controlling its dependencies directly, the control flow was "inverted"—externalizing responsibilities such as creating objects or invoking specific actions. This concept was further popularized through the work of software design pioneers who aimed to make software architecture more modular and dynamic.
One early example of IoC was the “Hollywood Principle”: “Don’t call us, we’ll call you.” This phrase captures the essence of IoC: instead of objects making decisions on when to call each other, the control flow is managed by a framework or an external component. The Hollywood Principle was instrumental in the development of graphical user interface (GUI) libraries, event-driven programming, and frameworks.
Rise of IoC Frameworks
In the 1990s, IoC started to gain prominence through early frameworks like Microsoft’s Component Object Model (COM) and JavaBeans. These technologies introduced basic forms of IoC by encouraging components to be managed externally rather than through direct calls. However, IoC remained somewhat informal and didn’t have a standardized approach or terminology.
With the rise of enterprise Java applications in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the need for more sophisticated management of object dependencies became apparent. The Java community was particularly active in exploring ways to make large-scale applications easier to build and maintain, which led to the emergence of the Java EE (Enterprise Edition) platform. The complexity of these applications highlighted the need for patterns that could handle the creation and management of objects more flexibly.
Dependency Injection Emerges
Dependency Injection, a specific form of IoC, was formally introduced in the early 2000s. DI provides a way to supply a class’s dependencies from the outside rather than having the class create its dependencies. This approach separates the construction of objects from their use, enabling better separation of concerns and making the system more modular and easier to test.
Martin Fowler, a prominent software engineer and author, popularized the term "Dependency Injection" in his 2004 article titled "Inversion of Control Containers and the Dependency Injection pattern." Fowler’s article clarified the DI pattern and articulated its benefits, such as improved testability, decoupling, and maintainability. He categorized DI into three types:
Constructor Injection: Dependencies are provided through a class constructor.
Setter Injection: Dependencies are set through public setter methods.
Interface Injection: The dependency provides an injector method that injects the dependency into the client, a less common approach.
Around the same time, Java developers were experimenting with lightweight containers like Spring Framework and Google Guice, which quickly adopted and popularized DI. These frameworks provided powerful tools to manage dependencies, making it easier to configure and wire objects together without tightly coupling them. Spring, in particular, became one of the most widely used frameworks for DI, offering extensive support for configuring dependencies through XML, annotations, and Java-based configuration.
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