Our Earliest Ancestors
628.4 هزار بار بازدید -
4 سال پیش
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The first steps in human
The first steps in human evolution. A quick run down of the three main hominins known from the Miocene & Pliocene, over 4 million years ago.
Thanks for watching!
Patreon: stefanmilo
Thanks to Amanda Rossillo for being a huge help with research and script writing. Twitter: amanda_rossillo
Thumbnail by Ettore Mazza: Instagram: ettore.mazza
Animation by Jimmy Mead
Sources:
1 - Ayala, Francisco José, and Cela Conde Camilo José. Processes in Human Evolution: the Journey from Early Hominins to Neanderthals and Modern Humans. Oxford University Press, 2018.
2 - Harcourt-Smith, William H. E. “The First Hominins and the Origins of Bipedalism.” Evolution: Education and Outreach, vol. 3, no. 3, 2010, pp. 333–340., doi:10.1007/s12052-010-0257-6.
3 - Mcnulty, Kieran P. “Apes and Tricksters: The Evolution and Diversification of Humans’ Closest Relatives.” Evolution: Education and Outreach, vol. 3, no. 3, 2010, pp. 322–332., doi:10.1007/s12052-010-0251-z.
4 - Allentoft, Morten E., et al. “The Half-Life of DNA in Bone: Measuring Decay Kinetics in 158 Dated Fossils.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 279, no. 1748, 2012, pp. 4724–4733., doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1745.
5 - Moorjani, Priya, et al. “Variation in the Molecular Clock of Primates.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 113, no. 38, 2016, pp. 10607–10612., doi:10.1073/pnas.1600374113.
6 - Patterson, Nick, et al. “Genetic Evidence for Complex Speciation of Humans and Chimpanzees.” Nature, vol. 441, no. 7097, 2006, pp. 1103–1108., doi:10.1038/nature04789.
7 - Presgraves, Daven C., and Soojin V. Yi. “Doubts about Complex Speciation between Humans and Chimpanzees.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol. 24, no. 10, 2009, pp. 533–540., doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.04.007.
8 - Welker, Frido, et al. “The Dental Proteome of Homo Antecessor.” Nature, vol. 580, no. 7802, 2020, pp. 235–238., doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2153-8.
9 - Su, D. F. (2013) . Nature Education Knowledge 4(4):11 https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowl...
10 - Suwa, G., et al. “The Ardipithecus Ramidus Skull and Its Implications for Hominid Origins.” Science, vol. 326, no. 5949, 2009, doi:10.1126/science.1175825.
11 - White, T. D., et al. “Ardipithecus Ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids.” Science, vol. 326, no. 5949, 2009, doi:10.1126/science.1175802.
12 - Roberts, Alice M., et al. Evolution: the Human Story. DK Publishing, 2018.
13 - Zollikofer, Christoph P. E., et al. “Virtual Cranial Reconstruction of Sahelanthropus Tchadensis.” Nature, vol. 434, no. 7034, 2005, pp. 755–759., doi:10.1038/nature03397.
14 – Suwa, G., Kono, R. T., Simpson, S. W., Asfaw, B., Lovejoy, C. O., White, T. D. Paleobiological implications of the Ardipithecus ramidus dentition. Science, vol 326, 2009, pp. 69-99.
15 – Simpson, S. W., Levin, N. E., Quade, J., Rogers, M. J., Semaw, S. Ardipithecus ramidus postcrania from the Gona Project area, Afar Regional State, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution, vol 129, 2019, pp. 1-45.
16 – Sarmiento, E. E. Comment on the Paleobiology and Classification of Ardipithecus ramidus. Science, vol 328, 2010, pp. 1105.
17 – Sawada, Y., Pickford, M., Senut, B., Itaya, T., Hyodo, M., Miura, T., … Fujii, H. The age of Orrorin tugenensis, an early hominid from the Tugen Hills, Kenya. Comptus Rendus Palevol, vol. 1, no. 5, 2002, pp. 293-303.
18 – Pickford, M., Senut, B., Gommery, D., Treil, J. Bipedalism in Orrorin tugenensis revealed by its femora. Comptus Rendus Palevol, vol. 1, no. 4, 2002, pp. 191-203.
19 – Senut, B., Pickford, M., Gommery, D. Dental anatomy of the early hominid, Orrorin tugenensis, from the Lukeino Formation, Tugen Hills, Kenya. Revue de Paleoiologie, Geneve, vol. 32, no. 2, 2018, pp. 577-591.
20 - Nakatsukasa, M., Pickford, M., Egi, N., Senut, B. Femur length, body mass, and stature estimates of Orrorin tugenensis, a 6 Ma hominid from Kenya. Primates, vol. 48, 2007, pp. 171–178.
21 – Almécija, S., Tallman, M., Alba, D. M., Pina, M., Moyà-Solà, S., Jungers, W. L. The femur of Orrorin tugenensis exhibits morphometric affinities with both Miocene apes and later hominins. Nature Communications, vol. 4, no. 2888, 2013, pp. 1-12.
22 – Richmond, B. G. & Jungers, W. L. Orrorin tugenensis Femoral Morphology and the Evolution of Hominin Bipedalism. Science, vol. 319, no. 5870, 2008, pp. 1662-1665.
23 – Haile-Selassie, Y. Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature, vol. 412, 2002, pp. 178-181.
Disclaimer: Use my videos as a rough guide to a topic. I am not an expert, I may get things wrong. This is why I always post my sources so you can critique my work and verify things for yourselves. Of course I aim to be as accurate as possible which is why you will only find reputable sources in my videos. Secondly, information is always subject to changes as new information is uncovered by archaeologists.
Thanks for watching!
Patreon: stefanmilo
Thanks to Amanda Rossillo for being a huge help with research and script writing. Twitter: amanda_rossillo
Thumbnail by Ettore Mazza: Instagram: ettore.mazza
Animation by Jimmy Mead
Sources:
1 - Ayala, Francisco José, and Cela Conde Camilo José. Processes in Human Evolution: the Journey from Early Hominins to Neanderthals and Modern Humans. Oxford University Press, 2018.
2 - Harcourt-Smith, William H. E. “The First Hominins and the Origins of Bipedalism.” Evolution: Education and Outreach, vol. 3, no. 3, 2010, pp. 333–340., doi:10.1007/s12052-010-0257-6.
3 - Mcnulty, Kieran P. “Apes and Tricksters: The Evolution and Diversification of Humans’ Closest Relatives.” Evolution: Education and Outreach, vol. 3, no. 3, 2010, pp. 322–332., doi:10.1007/s12052-010-0251-z.
4 - Allentoft, Morten E., et al. “The Half-Life of DNA in Bone: Measuring Decay Kinetics in 158 Dated Fossils.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 279, no. 1748, 2012, pp. 4724–4733., doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1745.
5 - Moorjani, Priya, et al. “Variation in the Molecular Clock of Primates.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 113, no. 38, 2016, pp. 10607–10612., doi:10.1073/pnas.1600374113.
6 - Patterson, Nick, et al. “Genetic Evidence for Complex Speciation of Humans and Chimpanzees.” Nature, vol. 441, no. 7097, 2006, pp. 1103–1108., doi:10.1038/nature04789.
7 - Presgraves, Daven C., and Soojin V. Yi. “Doubts about Complex Speciation between Humans and Chimpanzees.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol. 24, no. 10, 2009, pp. 533–540., doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.04.007.
8 - Welker, Frido, et al. “The Dental Proteome of Homo Antecessor.” Nature, vol. 580, no. 7802, 2020, pp. 235–238., doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2153-8.
9 - Su, D. F. (2013) . Nature Education Knowledge 4(4):11 https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowl...
10 - Suwa, G., et al. “The Ardipithecus Ramidus Skull and Its Implications for Hominid Origins.” Science, vol. 326, no. 5949, 2009, doi:10.1126/science.1175825.
11 - White, T. D., et al. “Ardipithecus Ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids.” Science, vol. 326, no. 5949, 2009, doi:10.1126/science.1175802.
12 - Roberts, Alice M., et al. Evolution: the Human Story. DK Publishing, 2018.
13 - Zollikofer, Christoph P. E., et al. “Virtual Cranial Reconstruction of Sahelanthropus Tchadensis.” Nature, vol. 434, no. 7034, 2005, pp. 755–759., doi:10.1038/nature03397.
14 – Suwa, G., Kono, R. T., Simpson, S. W., Asfaw, B., Lovejoy, C. O., White, T. D. Paleobiological implications of the Ardipithecus ramidus dentition. Science, vol 326, 2009, pp. 69-99.
15 – Simpson, S. W., Levin, N. E., Quade, J., Rogers, M. J., Semaw, S. Ardipithecus ramidus postcrania from the Gona Project area, Afar Regional State, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution, vol 129, 2019, pp. 1-45.
16 – Sarmiento, E. E. Comment on the Paleobiology and Classification of Ardipithecus ramidus. Science, vol 328, 2010, pp. 1105.
17 – Sawada, Y., Pickford, M., Senut, B., Itaya, T., Hyodo, M., Miura, T., … Fujii, H. The age of Orrorin tugenensis, an early hominid from the Tugen Hills, Kenya. Comptus Rendus Palevol, vol. 1, no. 5, 2002, pp. 293-303.
18 – Pickford, M., Senut, B., Gommery, D., Treil, J. Bipedalism in Orrorin tugenensis revealed by its femora. Comptus Rendus Palevol, vol. 1, no. 4, 2002, pp. 191-203.
19 – Senut, B., Pickford, M., Gommery, D. Dental anatomy of the early hominid, Orrorin tugenensis, from the Lukeino Formation, Tugen Hills, Kenya. Revue de Paleoiologie, Geneve, vol. 32, no. 2, 2018, pp. 577-591.
20 - Nakatsukasa, M., Pickford, M., Egi, N., Senut, B. Femur length, body mass, and stature estimates of Orrorin tugenensis, a 6 Ma hominid from Kenya. Primates, vol. 48, 2007, pp. 171–178.
21 – Almécija, S., Tallman, M., Alba, D. M., Pina, M., Moyà-Solà, S., Jungers, W. L. The femur of Orrorin tugenensis exhibits morphometric affinities with both Miocene apes and later hominins. Nature Communications, vol. 4, no. 2888, 2013, pp. 1-12.
22 – Richmond, B. G. & Jungers, W. L. Orrorin tugenensis Femoral Morphology and the Evolution of Hominin Bipedalism. Science, vol. 319, no. 5870, 2008, pp. 1662-1665.
23 – Haile-Selassie, Y. Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature, vol. 412, 2002, pp. 178-181.
Disclaimer: Use my videos as a rough guide to a topic. I am not an expert, I may get things wrong. This is why I always post my sources so you can critique my work and verify things for yourselves. Of course I aim to be as accurate as possible which is why you will only find reputable sources in my videos. Secondly, information is always subject to changes as new information is uncovered by archaeologists.
4 سال پیش
در تاریخ 1399/05/17 منتشر شده
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