How to Calculate Standard Deviation and Standard Error, and Add Error Bars in Graphs Using Excel

In biomedical research data presentation, inclusion of error bars in bar or line graph is invariably required. This video shows how to calculate mean, standard deviation (SD), square root of ‘n’ (i.e. number of observations), and standard error of the mean (SEM). Finally, the video shows how to add error bars in line and bar graphs. The values of the SEM are used to add error bars to the bar graph or to the line plot. Adding error bar is important if results are presented as mean of the data. In the manuscript text, the SEM values are presented with a +/- in front. In the graph the SEM values are plotted as error bars in upward or plus (+), downward or minus (-), or both plus and minus mode. The error bars denote the range (+/-) of data variability from the mean value of a study group (e.g. control).

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