Nature vs Nurture debate
3.1 هزار بار بازدید -
2 سال پیش
-
The importance of socialisation in
The importance of socialisation in influencing human
behaviour including the nurture versus nature debate
• Socialisation is a process that describe how we are taught the
behavioural rules we need to become both a member of a particular
society / culture and an able social actor .
• Biology , rather rather than culture , may influence some of the ways
people behave .
• Genetics suggests that behaviour may be guided by instinct based on
biological instructions that can bee seen as part of ‘ human nature ’ .
• Instincts are fixed human features .
• These are things we are born knowing and our cultural environment
plays little or no role in the development of these instincts .
• ‘ Nature ’ gives us strong hints about behavioural rules , but people
are free to ignore those hints .
Feral children
• Feral children have missed out on primary socialisation by humans .
• Saturday Mthiyane , who was discovered in 1987 , aged five , living
with a pack of monkeys in South Africa and who years later still
behaved in ways assocaited with monkeys , rather than humans .
• ‘ Genie ’ , a 13 – years – old Californian girl discovered in 1970 .
• Pines ( 1997 ) notes that Genie had been ‘ isolated in a small room
and had not been spoken to by her parents since infancy ’ .
• Feral children are sociologically significant for two main reasons .
First , when children are raised without human contact they fail to
show the social and physical development we would expect from an
ordinary raised child – for example , walking upright , talking , using a
knife and fork .
Second , if human behaviour is instinctive it is not clear why children
such as Genie should develop so differently from children raised with
human contact .
• Further evidence for the significance of socialisation is the fact that
different cultures develop different ways of doing things .
The ‘ I ’ and the ‘ Me ’
• Basic human skills have to be taught and learnt .
• The symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead ( 1934 ) argued that
the same was true of more advanced social skills .
5
• He claimed that the social context in which behaviour occurs
conditions how people behave .
• For Mead , ‘ the self ’ ( an awareness of who we are ) has two related
aspects :
1. An ‘ I ’ aspect based around our opinion of ourselves as a whole . We
each respond to the behaviour of others as an ‘ I ’ . Mead called this
the ‘ unsocialised self ’ .
2. A ‘ Me ’ aspect that consists of an awareness of how others expect us
to behave in a given situation . Mead called this the ‘ social self ’
because it develops through socialisation .
• If you accidentally put your hand in a fire , the ‘ I ’ is expressed by
how you react to the pain .
• The ‘ Me ’ , however , specifically conditions how you choose the
express that pain , your reaction will be conditioned by factors such
as :
✓ Who you are .
✓ Where you are .
✓ Who you are with .
• If you are a young child , for example , your reaction to being burnt
may be to cry .
• If you are a young man , you may feel that crying is not a socially
acceptable reaction .
The presentation of self
• Goffman argues that who we believe ourselves to be – our
sense of identity – is also constructed socially through how we
present ourselves to others .
• Goffman proposed a model of self and identity in which he described
social life as a series of dramatic episodes .
• People are actors .
• Sometimes , they write and speak their own lines – this is thier
personal identity .
• Goffman suggests that when we adopt a particular identity , we
‘ perform ’ to others in order to ‘ manage ’ the impression they have of
us .
• Identity performance , therefore , is about achieving a desired result .
• Fifty years before Goffman , Cooley ( 1909 ) suggested that in the
majority of social encounters other people are used as a looking –
glass self .
The presentation of self always involves :
✓ The importance of interpretation .
✓ The significance of negotiation .
Alternatives
• Biological ideas about evolution have sometimes been used to
explain social development .
• These ideas range from reltively simple forms of ‘ social Darwinism ’ ,
based on the idea that social life simply involves ‘ the survival of the
fittest ’ , to the more sophisticated arguments of sociobiology .
• Wilson ( 1979 ) argued is a ‘ biological basis ’ for all human
behaviour .
• He claimed that although human behaviour is not genetically
determined , it is strongly influenced by ‘ biological programming ’ or
‘ biogrammars ’ .
• Foe example , he believed that men and women are biologically
programmed with different traits that lead them to perform different
cultural roles :
✓ Women are passive .
✓ Male traits of aggression best suit them to a ‘ providing role ’ that
translates into paid work in contemporary societies .
Follow me on Instagram @ abdullah.shahmeer.7
Follow me on Facebook @SirAbdullahShahmeer
For Queries and Information about Online classes: +92-323-3357855 (ONLY WHATSAPP)
behaviour including the nurture versus nature debate
• Socialisation is a process that describe how we are taught the
behavioural rules we need to become both a member of a particular
society / culture and an able social actor .
• Biology , rather rather than culture , may influence some of the ways
people behave .
• Genetics suggests that behaviour may be guided by instinct based on
biological instructions that can bee seen as part of ‘ human nature ’ .
• Instincts are fixed human features .
• These are things we are born knowing and our cultural environment
plays little or no role in the development of these instincts .
• ‘ Nature ’ gives us strong hints about behavioural rules , but people
are free to ignore those hints .
Feral children
• Feral children have missed out on primary socialisation by humans .
• Saturday Mthiyane , who was discovered in 1987 , aged five , living
with a pack of monkeys in South Africa and who years later still
behaved in ways assocaited with monkeys , rather than humans .
• ‘ Genie ’ , a 13 – years – old Californian girl discovered in 1970 .
• Pines ( 1997 ) notes that Genie had been ‘ isolated in a small room
and had not been spoken to by her parents since infancy ’ .
• Feral children are sociologically significant for two main reasons .
First , when children are raised without human contact they fail to
show the social and physical development we would expect from an
ordinary raised child – for example , walking upright , talking , using a
knife and fork .
Second , if human behaviour is instinctive it is not clear why children
such as Genie should develop so differently from children raised with
human contact .
• Further evidence for the significance of socialisation is the fact that
different cultures develop different ways of doing things .
The ‘ I ’ and the ‘ Me ’
• Basic human skills have to be taught and learnt .
• The symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead ( 1934 ) argued that
the same was true of more advanced social skills .
5
• He claimed that the social context in which behaviour occurs
conditions how people behave .
• For Mead , ‘ the self ’ ( an awareness of who we are ) has two related
aspects :
1. An ‘ I ’ aspect based around our opinion of ourselves as a whole . We
each respond to the behaviour of others as an ‘ I ’ . Mead called this
the ‘ unsocialised self ’ .
2. A ‘ Me ’ aspect that consists of an awareness of how others expect us
to behave in a given situation . Mead called this the ‘ social self ’
because it develops through socialisation .
• If you accidentally put your hand in a fire , the ‘ I ’ is expressed by
how you react to the pain .
• The ‘ Me ’ , however , specifically conditions how you choose the
express that pain , your reaction will be conditioned by factors such
as :
✓ Who you are .
✓ Where you are .
✓ Who you are with .
• If you are a young child , for example , your reaction to being burnt
may be to cry .
• If you are a young man , you may feel that crying is not a socially
acceptable reaction .
The presentation of self
• Goffman argues that who we believe ourselves to be – our
sense of identity – is also constructed socially through how we
present ourselves to others .
• Goffman proposed a model of self and identity in which he described
social life as a series of dramatic episodes .
• People are actors .
• Sometimes , they write and speak their own lines – this is thier
personal identity .
• Goffman suggests that when we adopt a particular identity , we
‘ perform ’ to others in order to ‘ manage ’ the impression they have of
us .
• Identity performance , therefore , is about achieving a desired result .
• Fifty years before Goffman , Cooley ( 1909 ) suggested that in the
majority of social encounters other people are used as a looking –
glass self .
The presentation of self always involves :
✓ The importance of interpretation .
✓ The significance of negotiation .
Alternatives
• Biological ideas about evolution have sometimes been used to
explain social development .
• These ideas range from reltively simple forms of ‘ social Darwinism ’ ,
based on the idea that social life simply involves ‘ the survival of the
fittest ’ , to the more sophisticated arguments of sociobiology .
• Wilson ( 1979 ) argued is a ‘ biological basis ’ for all human
behaviour .
• He claimed that although human behaviour is not genetically
determined , it is strongly influenced by ‘ biological programming ’ or
‘ biogrammars ’ .
• Foe example , he believed that men and women are biologically
programmed with different traits that lead them to perform different
cultural roles :
✓ Women are passive .
✓ Male traits of aggression best suit them to a ‘ providing role ’ that
translates into paid work in contemporary societies .
Follow me on Instagram @ abdullah.shahmeer.7
Follow me on Facebook @SirAbdullahShahmeer
For Queries and Information about Online classes: +92-323-3357855 (ONLY WHATSAPP)
2 سال پیش
در تاریخ 1400/11/13 منتشر شده
است.
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