Chapter -2 || Metabolism Of Carbohydrates (Part-1) | Introduction, Digestion, Absorption & Transport
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📌 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐨𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦:-
📌 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐨𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦:- Instagram: drgbhanuprakash
📌𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻 𝗢𝘂𝗿 𝗧𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗹 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗲:- https://t.me/bhanuprakashdr
📌𝗦𝘂𝗯𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗯𝗲 𝗧𝗼 𝗠𝘆 𝗠𝗮𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘁:- https://linktr.ee/DrGBhanuprakash
Here's a detailed explanation of the metabolism of carbohydrates
*Introduction:*
Carbohydrates are one of the main macronutrients that provide energy to the body. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and can be classified into simple carbohydrates (monosaccharides and disaccharides) and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides). The main function of carbohydrates is to provide energy for cellular processes, especially in the form of glucose. Carbohydrate metabolism involves processes like digestion, absorption, and transport of carbohydrates in the body.
*Digestion:*
Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth with the action of salivary amylase, which breaks down complex carbohydrates into smaller polysaccharides and disaccharides. This process continues in the stomach, where the acidic environment inactivates salivary amylase. However, carbohydrate digestion mainly occurs in the small intestine. Pancreatic amylase, along with enzymes from the brush border of the small intestine (such as sucrase, maltase, and lactase), further break down complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, and galactose. These monosaccharides are then absorbed into the bloodstream.
*Absorption:*
The absorption of carbohydrates primarily occurs in the small intestine. Monosaccharides, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose, are absorbed by the enterocytes lining the small intestine. Glucose and galactose are absorbed via sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLT1), which use the energy from sodium gradient to transport these sugars against their concentration gradient into the enterocytes. Fructose, on the other hand, is absorbed via facilitated diffusion through the GLUT5 transporter. Once inside the enterocytes, these monosaccharides are transported across the basolateral membrane into the bloodstream via facilitated diffusion through the GLUT2 transporter.
*Transport:*
After absorption, monosaccharides are transported via the bloodstream to various tissues and organs throughout the body. In the bloodstream, glucose is the primary form of carbohydrate transported. Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels are high, insulin is released, promoting the uptake of glucose into cells for energy production or storage. Conversely, when blood glucose levels drop, glucagon, another pancreatic hormone, is released, stimulating the breakdown of glycogen (stored form of glucose) in the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream, thus maintaining blood glucose levels within a narrow range.
In summary, carbohydrate metabolism involves the digestion of complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides, absorption of these monosaccharides into the bloodstream, and their transport to various tissues and organs for energy production or storage. Hormonal regulation ensures that blood glucose levels are maintained within a narrow range to meet the energy requirements of the body's cells. Understanding these processes is essential for MBBS first-year students as it provides insights into the role of carbohydrates in human physiology and metabolism.
📌𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻 𝗢𝘂𝗿 𝗧𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗹 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗲:- https://t.me/bhanuprakashdr
📌𝗦𝘂𝗯𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗯𝗲 𝗧𝗼 𝗠𝘆 𝗠𝗮𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘁:- https://linktr.ee/DrGBhanuprakash
Here's a detailed explanation of the metabolism of carbohydrates
*Introduction:*
Carbohydrates are one of the main macronutrients that provide energy to the body. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and can be classified into simple carbohydrates (monosaccharides and disaccharides) and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides). The main function of carbohydrates is to provide energy for cellular processes, especially in the form of glucose. Carbohydrate metabolism involves processes like digestion, absorption, and transport of carbohydrates in the body.
*Digestion:*
Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth with the action of salivary amylase, which breaks down complex carbohydrates into smaller polysaccharides and disaccharides. This process continues in the stomach, where the acidic environment inactivates salivary amylase. However, carbohydrate digestion mainly occurs in the small intestine. Pancreatic amylase, along with enzymes from the brush border of the small intestine (such as sucrase, maltase, and lactase), further break down complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, and galactose. These monosaccharides are then absorbed into the bloodstream.
*Absorption:*
The absorption of carbohydrates primarily occurs in the small intestine. Monosaccharides, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose, are absorbed by the enterocytes lining the small intestine. Glucose and galactose are absorbed via sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLT1), which use the energy from sodium gradient to transport these sugars against their concentration gradient into the enterocytes. Fructose, on the other hand, is absorbed via facilitated diffusion through the GLUT5 transporter. Once inside the enterocytes, these monosaccharides are transported across the basolateral membrane into the bloodstream via facilitated diffusion through the GLUT2 transporter.
*Transport:*
After absorption, monosaccharides are transported via the bloodstream to various tissues and organs throughout the body. In the bloodstream, glucose is the primary form of carbohydrate transported. Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels are high, insulin is released, promoting the uptake of glucose into cells for energy production or storage. Conversely, when blood glucose levels drop, glucagon, another pancreatic hormone, is released, stimulating the breakdown of glycogen (stored form of glucose) in the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream, thus maintaining blood glucose levels within a narrow range.
In summary, carbohydrate metabolism involves the digestion of complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides, absorption of these monosaccharides into the bloodstream, and their transport to various tissues and organs for energy production or storage. Hormonal regulation ensures that blood glucose levels are maintained within a narrow range to meet the energy requirements of the body's cells. Understanding these processes is essential for MBBS first-year students as it provides insights into the role of carbohydrates in human physiology and metabolism.
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