Cell Communication: Cell-to-Cell Contact to the Endocrine System | AP Biology 4.1

This section of the AP Biology curriculum focuses on the many different ways that cells communicate. We’ll start by taking a look at the process of signal transduction. This process starts when a receptor protein is activated by a ligand or physical signal, causing it to catalyze a reaction on the inside of the cell membrane. A cascade of reactions then takes place as signal transduction leads from the initial receptor protein to a cellular response. After we look at this process, we’ll take a look at how different forms of cellular communication are classified by the distance the signal must travel. We’ll see how cell-to-cell contact is responsible for many immune system reactions. Then, we’ll take a look at some paracrine signals - like neurotransmitters - that only affect nearby cells. Finally, we’ll see how the endocrine system sends endocrine signals throughout the body to coordinate an organism-wide response to a stimulus!

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