Lecture 18 What is Dynamic routing and Routing protocols
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Dynamic routing refers to the
Dynamic routing refers to the process where routers automatically adjust their paths and routing tables in response to changes in the network topology. This means that if there is a failure or addition of a network device, the routers can automatically adjust to the most efficient path for data transmission without manual intervention.
Key Concepts of Dynamic Routing:
1. *Routing Tables:* These tables store information about the paths to various network destinations.
2. *Routing Algorithms:* These algorithms determine the most efficient path for data packets.
3. *Convergence:* The process by which all routers come to agree on the best paths after a change in the network.
Advantages of Dynamic Routing:
- *Automatic Updates:* Routers can automatically detect and adapt to network changes.
- *Scalability:* Suitable for large and complex networks.
- *Flexibility:* Can handle changes in network topology and traffic patterns efficiently.
Disadvantages of Dynamic Routing:
- *Resource Intensive:* Requires more CPU, memory, and bandwidth.
- *Complexity:* More complex to configure and manage compared to static routing.
- *Convergence Time:* There can be delays while the network converges after a change.
Common Routing Protocols:
1. *RIP (Routing Information Protocol):*
- *Type:* Distance-vector
- *Metric:* Hop count
- *Max Hops:* 15 (16 is considered infinite, meaning unreachable)
- *Usage:* Simple and suitable for small networks.
2. *OSPF (Open Shortest Path First):*
- *Type:* Link-state
- *Metric:* Cost (based on bandwidth)
- *Area-based:* Divides the network into areas for hierarchical management
- *Usage:* More efficient and scalable, suitable for large networks.
3. *EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol):*
- *Type:* Hybrid (combines aspects of both distance-vector and link-state)
- *Metric:* Composite metric (bandwidth, delay, load, reliability)
- *Usage:* Proprietary to Cisco, efficient and suitable for medium to large networks.
4. *BGP (Border Gateway Protocol):*
- *Type:* Path-vector
- *Metric:* Number of autonomous system hops, various policies
- *Usage:* Used for routing between autonomous systems on the internet, very scalable and customizable.
5. *IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System):*
- *Type:* Link-state
- *Metric:* Cost (based on a configurable metric, typically related to bandwidth)
- *Usage:* Similar to OSPF, but used in some large service provider networks.
Key Points:
- *Distance-Vector Protocols:* These protocols determine the best path based on the distance to the destination (e.g., RIP).
- *Link-State Protocols:* These protocols have a complete map of the network topology and calculate the shortest path (e.g., OSPF, IS-IS).
- *Hybrid Protocols:* These protocols combine aspects of both distance-vector and link-state protocols (e.g., EIGRP).
- *Path-Vector Protocols:* These protocols are used for routing between different autonomous systems, maintaining the path information that gets updated dynamically (e.g., BGP).
In summary, dynamic routing and its protocols are essential for maintaining efficient, scalable, and adaptive networks, especially in environments where network topology frequently changes.
Key Concepts of Dynamic Routing:
1. *Routing Tables:* These tables store information about the paths to various network destinations.
2. *Routing Algorithms:* These algorithms determine the most efficient path for data packets.
3. *Convergence:* The process by which all routers come to agree on the best paths after a change in the network.
Advantages of Dynamic Routing:
- *Automatic Updates:* Routers can automatically detect and adapt to network changes.
- *Scalability:* Suitable for large and complex networks.
- *Flexibility:* Can handle changes in network topology and traffic patterns efficiently.
Disadvantages of Dynamic Routing:
- *Resource Intensive:* Requires more CPU, memory, and bandwidth.
- *Complexity:* More complex to configure and manage compared to static routing.
- *Convergence Time:* There can be delays while the network converges after a change.
Common Routing Protocols:
1. *RIP (Routing Information Protocol):*
- *Type:* Distance-vector
- *Metric:* Hop count
- *Max Hops:* 15 (16 is considered infinite, meaning unreachable)
- *Usage:* Simple and suitable for small networks.
2. *OSPF (Open Shortest Path First):*
- *Type:* Link-state
- *Metric:* Cost (based on bandwidth)
- *Area-based:* Divides the network into areas for hierarchical management
- *Usage:* More efficient and scalable, suitable for large networks.
3. *EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol):*
- *Type:* Hybrid (combines aspects of both distance-vector and link-state)
- *Metric:* Composite metric (bandwidth, delay, load, reliability)
- *Usage:* Proprietary to Cisco, efficient and suitable for medium to large networks.
4. *BGP (Border Gateway Protocol):*
- *Type:* Path-vector
- *Metric:* Number of autonomous system hops, various policies
- *Usage:* Used for routing between autonomous systems on the internet, very scalable and customizable.
5. *IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System):*
- *Type:* Link-state
- *Metric:* Cost (based on a configurable metric, typically related to bandwidth)
- *Usage:* Similar to OSPF, but used in some large service provider networks.
Key Points:
- *Distance-Vector Protocols:* These protocols determine the best path based on the distance to the destination (e.g., RIP).
- *Link-State Protocols:* These protocols have a complete map of the network topology and calculate the shortest path (e.g., OSPF, IS-IS).
- *Hybrid Protocols:* These protocols combine aspects of both distance-vector and link-state protocols (e.g., EIGRP).
- *Path-Vector Protocols:* These protocols are used for routing between different autonomous systems, maintaining the path information that gets updated dynamically (e.g., BGP).
In summary, dynamic routing and its protocols are essential for maintaining efficient, scalable, and adaptive networks, especially in environments where network topology frequently changes.
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