The Six Layers of the Cerebral Cortex | Neuroscience 101
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The mammalian neocortex exists of
The mammalian neocortex exists of 6 layers, here we discuss them.
The cerebral cortex cosists of six layers:
First, the molecular layer which has very little neurons, and consists of glial cells, dendrites and axons.
Second, the external granular layer with small granule cells (pyramidal neurons).
Third, the external pyramidal layer with medium-sized pyramidal neurons. Together layer 2 and 3 are receive interhemispheric input.
Fourth, the internal granular layer, which is the layer that receives sensory input via the thalamus
Fifth, the internal pyramidal layer, which is the main output layer that has outgoing axons to other brain regions and the corticospinal tract. This layer has large pyramidal neurons (Betz cells).
Sixth, the multiform layer, which has a variety of neurons and reciprocal connections to the cortex.
References:
Azim, E., & Seki, K. (2019). Gain control in the sensorimotor system. Current opinion in physiology, 8, 177–187. doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2019.03.005
Helmstaedter, M., Staiger, J. F., Sakmann, B., & Feldmeyer, D. (2008). Efficient recruitment of layer 2/3 interneurons by layer 4 input in single columns of rat somatosensory cortex. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 28(33), 8273–8284. doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5701-07.2008
Olsen, S. R., Bortone, D. S., Adesnik, H., & Scanziani, M. (2012). Gain control by layer six in cortical circuits of vision. Nature, 483(7387), 47–52. doi.org/10.1038/nature10835
Quiquempoix, M., Fayad, S. L., Boutourlinsky, K., Leresche, N., Lambert, R. C., & Bessaih, T. (2018). Layer 2/3 Pyramidal Neurons Control the Gain of Cortical Output. Cell reports, 24(11), 2799–2807.e4. doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.038
Scala, F., Kobak, D., Shan, S. et al. Layer 4 of mouse neocortex differs in cell types and circuit organization between sensory areas. Nat Commun 10, 4174 (2019). doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12058-z
Schuman, B., Dellal, S., Prönneke, A., Machold, R., & Rudy, B. (2021). Neocortical Layer 1: An Elegant Solution to Top-Down and Bottom-Up Integration. Annual review of neuroscience, 44, 221–252. doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-100520-012117
Thomson A. M. (2010). Neocortical layer 6, a review. Frontiers in neuroanatomy, 4, 13. doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2010.00013
Wagstyl, K., Larocque, S., Cucurull, G., Lepage, C., Cohen, J. P., Bludau, S., Palomero-Gallagher, N., Lewis, L. B., Funck, T., Spitzer, H., Dickscheid, T., Fletcher, P. C., Romero, A., Zilles, K., Amunts, K., Bengio, Y., & Evans, A. C. (2020). BigBrain 3D atlas of cortical layers: Cortical and laminar thickness gradients diverge in sensory and motor cortices. PLoS biology, 18(4), e3000678. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000678
Narrated and produced by: Miles Wischnewski
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