What Happened to the Last European Hunter Gatherers?

Though the triumph of agriculture as the dominant way of life might seem inevitable, the truth was far more complicated, this video explores the complex interactions between farmers and foragers in Europe, between 6200 and c 4000 BCE.

Chapters
0:00 Intro
01:06 Background
03:24 Anatolian colonization
06:10 Interactions between farmers and foragers
08:15 The Balkans
10:57 Increase in hunter gatherer ancestry
11:13 Northern and central Europe
11:57 Diverse origins
12:40 Male mediated expansion
13:02 Southern Europe
14:10 Speculation
14:40 The 'Caucasian hunter gatherer' question
15:36 Second phase of farmer expansion
15:55 Pitted ware culture holds out
16:29 Baltic hunter gatherers hold out
17:17 Flash forward aside to Indo Europeans
17:52 More speculation and summary
21:05 Synthesis and new cultures
21:42 Conclusion
23:23 Global implications

Sources, books
Who are are and How We Got Here,  Reich  
After the Ice, Mithen
Oxford Prehistoric Europe, Cunliffe
The First farmers of Europe, Shennan

Sources, articles
"Heterogeneous Hunter-Gatherer and Steppe-Related Ancestries in Late Neolithic and Bell Beaker Genomes from Present-Day France: Current Biology"
https://www.cell.com/current-biology/...
"Ancient genome-wide DNA from France highlights the complexity of interactions between Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers"
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/s...
"Genome-wide study of a Neolithic Wartberg grave community reveals distinct HLA variation and hunter-gatherer ancestry "
https://www.nature.com/articles/s4200...
"Pitted ware culture: Isotopic evidence for contact between Sweden and Denmark across the Kattegat in the Middle Neolithic, ca. 3000 BC - ScienceDirect"
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science...
"The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe - PMC"
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
"Ancient Genomes from present Day France unveil 7,000 years of its demographic history"
https://www.pnas.org/content/117/23/1...
"Survival of Late Pleistocene Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in the Iberian peninsula"
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science...
"Population genomics of stone age Eurasia"
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.11...
"The spread of steppe and Iranian-related ancestry in the islands of the western Mediterranean"
https://www.nature.com/articles/s4155...
"Unraveling ancestry, kinship, and violence in a Late Neolithic mass grave"
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas...
"The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years - PMC"
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
"Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia | Nature Communications"
https://www.nature.com/articles/s4146...
"Heightened interaction between neolithic migrants and hunter-gatherers in Western Europe -- ScienceDaily"
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases...
"Between fishing and farming: palaeogenomic analyses reveal cross-cultural interactions triggered by the arrival of the Neolithic in the Danube Gorges | bioRxiv"
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.11...

Music
Solo Cello Passion, Doug Maxwell
Solo Cello Passion – Doug Maxwell, Me...

Maps not made by me
https://indo-european.eu/maps/