Mastering the Linux Booting Process
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Topics covered in this viodeo:========================BOOTING
Topics covered in this viodeo:
========================
BOOTING PROCEDURE :
The following are the 6 high level stages of a typical Linux boot process.:
BIOS:
1. BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System
2. Performs some system integrity checks
3. Searches, loads, and executes the boot loader program.
4. It looks for boot loader in floppy, cd-rom, or hard drive. You can press a key (typically
F12 of F2, but it depends on your system) during the BIOS startup to change the boot sequence.
5. Once the boot loader program is detected and loaded into the memory, BIOS gives the control to it.
6. So, in simple terms BIOS loads and executes the MBR boot loader.
MBR:
1. MBR stands for Master Boot Record.
2. It is located in the 1st sector of the bootable disk. Typically /dev/hda, or /dev/sda
3. MBR is less than 512 bytes in size. This has three components
1) primary boot loader info in 1st 446 bytes
2) partition table info in next 64 bytes
3) mbr validation check in last 2 bytes.
4. It contains information about GRUB (or LILO in old systems).
5. So, in simple terms MBR loads and executes the GRUB boot loader.
GRUB:
1. GRUB stands for Grand Unified Bootloader.
2. If you have multiple kernel images installed on your system, you can choose which one to be executed.
3. GRUB displays a splash screen, waits for few seconds, if you don’t enter anything, it loads the default kernel image as specified in the grub configuration file.
4. GRUB has the knowledge of the filesystem (the older Linux loader LILO didn’t understand filesystem).
5. Grub configuration file is /boot/grub/grub.conf (/etc/grub.conf is a link to this). The following is sample grub.conf
#cat /boot/grub/grub.conf
• As you notice from the above info, it contains kernel and initrd image.
So, in simple terms GRUB just loads and executes Kernel and initrd images
Kernel:
1. Mounts the root file system as specified in the “root=” in grub.conf
2. Kernel executes the /sbin/init program Since init was the 1st program to be executed by Linux Kernel,
it has the process id (PID) of 1. Do a ‘ps -ef | grep init’ and check the pid.
3. initrd stands for Initial RAM Disk.
4. initrd is used by kernel as temporary root file system until kernel is booted and the real
root file system is mounted. It also contains necessary drivers compiled inside, which
helps it to access the hard drive partitions, and other hardware.
Init:
1. Looks at the /etc/inittab file to decide the Linux run level.
2. Following are the available run levels
• 0 – halt(Shutdown)
• 1 – Single user mode
• 2 – Multiuser, without NFS
• 3 – Full multiuser mode
• 4 – unused
• 5 – X11 (GNU)
• 6 – reboot
3. Init identifies the default initlevel from /etc/inittab and uses that to load all appropriate program.
4. Execute ‘grep initdefault /etc/inittab’ on your system to identify the default run level
5. If you want to get into trouble, you can set the default run level to 0 or 6. Since you know what 0 and 6 means, probably you might not do that.
6. Typically you would set the default run level to either 3 or 5.
Runlevel programs:
1. When the Linux system is booting up, you might see various services getting started. For
example, it might say “starting sendmail …. OK”. Those are the run level programs,
executed from the run level directory as defined by your run level.
2. Depending on your default init level setting, the system will execute the programs from
one of the following directories.
• Run level 0 – /etc/rc.d/rc0.d/
• Run level 1 – /etc/rc.d/rc1.d/
• Run level 2 – /etc/rc.d/rc2.d/
• Run level 3 – /etc/rc.d/rc3.d/
• Run level 4 – /etc/rc.d/rc4.d/
• Run level 5 – /etc/rc.d/rc5.d/
• Run level 6 – /etc/rc.d/rc6.d/
3. Please note that there are also symbolic links available for these directory under /etc
directly. So, /etc/rc0.d is linked to /etc/rc.d/rc0.d.
LAB WORK:
To check the default run level in linux
• To see the default run level in linux the command is
#who –r
Changing the default run level to some other like 3
• To change the run level edit the /etc/inittab and make the following changes
#vim /etc/inittab
Now reboot the system and check in which runlevel it is.
#init 6
To start the graphical interface when you are in runlevel 5, use the following command
#startx
• Change it back to runlevel 5 and reboot the system.
To see the details regarding the kernel installed
• To see the version of the kernel use
#uname –r
To see the same thing with more details use
#uname –a
Note:- The same information can be seen in /boot/grub/grub.conf
To check the architecture of the O/S
• To check the architecture of the O/S the command is
#arch
#uname –m
To check the version of the O/S in the system
• To check the O/S version you have to navigate to the following file
cat /etc/redhat-release
mastering the Linux Booting Process,booting sequence in unix,linux boot sequence,booting process,Bnlevel programs,linux boot process,Linux boot,post,arn
========================
BOOTING PROCEDURE :
The following are the 6 high level stages of a typical Linux boot process.:
BIOS:
1. BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System
2. Performs some system integrity checks
3. Searches, loads, and executes the boot loader program.
4. It looks for boot loader in floppy, cd-rom, or hard drive. You can press a key (typically
F12 of F2, but it depends on your system) during the BIOS startup to change the boot sequence.
5. Once the boot loader program is detected and loaded into the memory, BIOS gives the control to it.
6. So, in simple terms BIOS loads and executes the MBR boot loader.
MBR:
1. MBR stands for Master Boot Record.
2. It is located in the 1st sector of the bootable disk. Typically /dev/hda, or /dev/sda
3. MBR is less than 512 bytes in size. This has three components
1) primary boot loader info in 1st 446 bytes
2) partition table info in next 64 bytes
3) mbr validation check in last 2 bytes.
4. It contains information about GRUB (or LILO in old systems).
5. So, in simple terms MBR loads and executes the GRUB boot loader.
GRUB:
1. GRUB stands for Grand Unified Bootloader.
2. If you have multiple kernel images installed on your system, you can choose which one to be executed.
3. GRUB displays a splash screen, waits for few seconds, if you don’t enter anything, it loads the default kernel image as specified in the grub configuration file.
4. GRUB has the knowledge of the filesystem (the older Linux loader LILO didn’t understand filesystem).
5. Grub configuration file is /boot/grub/grub.conf (/etc/grub.conf is a link to this). The following is sample grub.conf
#cat /boot/grub/grub.conf
• As you notice from the above info, it contains kernel and initrd image.
So, in simple terms GRUB just loads and executes Kernel and initrd images
Kernel:
1. Mounts the root file system as specified in the “root=” in grub.conf
2. Kernel executes the /sbin/init program Since init was the 1st program to be executed by Linux Kernel,
it has the process id (PID) of 1. Do a ‘ps -ef | grep init’ and check the pid.
3. initrd stands for Initial RAM Disk.
4. initrd is used by kernel as temporary root file system until kernel is booted and the real
root file system is mounted. It also contains necessary drivers compiled inside, which
helps it to access the hard drive partitions, and other hardware.
Init:
1. Looks at the /etc/inittab file to decide the Linux run level.
2. Following are the available run levels
• 0 – halt(Shutdown)
• 1 – Single user mode
• 2 – Multiuser, without NFS
• 3 – Full multiuser mode
• 4 – unused
• 5 – X11 (GNU)
• 6 – reboot
3. Init identifies the default initlevel from /etc/inittab and uses that to load all appropriate program.
4. Execute ‘grep initdefault /etc/inittab’ on your system to identify the default run level
5. If you want to get into trouble, you can set the default run level to 0 or 6. Since you know what 0 and 6 means, probably you might not do that.
6. Typically you would set the default run level to either 3 or 5.
Runlevel programs:
1. When the Linux system is booting up, you might see various services getting started. For
example, it might say “starting sendmail …. OK”. Those are the run level programs,
executed from the run level directory as defined by your run level.
2. Depending on your default init level setting, the system will execute the programs from
one of the following directories.
• Run level 0 – /etc/rc.d/rc0.d/
• Run level 1 – /etc/rc.d/rc1.d/
• Run level 2 – /etc/rc.d/rc2.d/
• Run level 3 – /etc/rc.d/rc3.d/
• Run level 4 – /etc/rc.d/rc4.d/
• Run level 5 – /etc/rc.d/rc5.d/
• Run level 6 – /etc/rc.d/rc6.d/
3. Please note that there are also symbolic links available for these directory under /etc
directly. So, /etc/rc0.d is linked to /etc/rc.d/rc0.d.
LAB WORK:
To check the default run level in linux
• To see the default run level in linux the command is
#who –r
Changing the default run level to some other like 3
• To change the run level edit the /etc/inittab and make the following changes
#vim /etc/inittab
Now reboot the system and check in which runlevel it is.
#init 6
To start the graphical interface when you are in runlevel 5, use the following command
#startx
• Change it back to runlevel 5 and reboot the system.
To see the details regarding the kernel installed
• To see the version of the kernel use
#uname –r
To see the same thing with more details use
#uname –a
Note:- The same information can be seen in /boot/grub/grub.conf
To check the architecture of the O/S
• To check the architecture of the O/S the command is
#arch
#uname –m
To check the version of the O/S in the system
• To check the O/S version you have to navigate to the following file
cat /etc/redhat-release
mastering the Linux Booting Process,booting sequence in unix,linux boot sequence,booting process,Bnlevel programs,linux boot process,Linux boot,post,arn
8 ماه پیش
در تاریخ 1402/08/23 منتشر شده
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