ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS CLASSIFICATION | PHARMACOLOGY | GPAT | NIPER | DI | PHARMACIST |
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5 سال پیش
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ANTI-MALARIAL DRUG CLASSIFICATION
PHARMACOLOGY
Antimalarial
ANTI-MALARIAL DRUG CLASSIFICATION
PHARMACOLOGY
Antimalarial medications, also known as antimalarials, are designed to prevent or cure malaria. Malaria is caused by parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. Four main species infect humans: P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. ovale and P. malariae.
LIFE CYCLE OF MALARIA
1. Hepatic (Pre erythrocytic) stages
-parasites localize in liver
-patient is asymptomatic
2. Erythrocytic stages
-parasite invade RBCs
-patient develops fever cycle
3. Development of sexual forms
-occurs in Anopheles mosquitos
ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS
1. 4-Aminoquinolines : Chloroquine, Amodiaquine, Piperaquine.
2. Quinoline-methanol : Mefloquine.
3. Cinchona alkaloid : Quinine, Quinidine.
4. Biguanide : Proguanil (Chloroguanide), Chlorproguanil.
5. Diaminopyrimidine : Pyrimethamine.
6. 8-Aminoquinolines : Primaquine, Bulaquine.
7. Sulfonamides and sulfone : Sulfadoxine, Sulfametho-pyrazine, Dapsone.
8. Tetracyclines : Tetracycline, Doxycycline.
9. Sesquiterpine lactones : Artesunate, Artemether, Arteether.
10. Amino alcohols : Halofantrine, Lumefantrine.
11. Mannich base : Pyronaridine
12. Naphthoquinone : Atovaquone.
Drugs used in malaria
• Tissue schizontocides- drugs eliminating developing or dormant liver forms
• Blood schizontocides- drugs acting on erythrocytic parasites
• Gametocides- drugs that kill sexual stages and prevent transmission to mosquitoes
Causal prophylaxis
Drugs prevent the maturation of or destroy the sporozoites within the infected hepatic cell- thus prevent erythrocytic invasion
Primaquine –for all species of malaria but not used due to its toxic potential
Proguanil- primarily for P. falciparum and not effective against P. vivax (weak activity), rapid development of resistance
Suppressive prophylaxis
Schizontocides inhibit erythrocyte phase and prevent the rupture of the infected erythrocytes, lead to freedom from rigors and pyrexia
Includes quinine, chloroquine, proguanil, pyrimethamine, artemicinin and tetracycline
Clinical cure
Erythrocytic schizontocides are used to terminate episodes of malarial fever
Radical cure
Drug attack exoerythrocytic stage (hypnozoites) given with clinical curative for the total eradication of the parasite from the patient’s body
Radical cure of the P. falciparum malaria can be achieved by suppressives only
For radical cure of P.vivax infection, primaquine and proguanil are effective
Gametocial
Removal of male and female gametes of Plasmodia formed in the patient’s blood
It has no benefit for treated patient
Primaquine and artemisinins are highly effective against gametocytes of all species
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5 سال پیش
در تاریخ 1398/08/05 منتشر شده
است.
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