Cash flow statement direct vs indirect method
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What are the differences between
What are the differences between preparing a cash flow statement using the direct method versus preparing a cash flow statement using the indirect method?
⏱️TIMESTAMPS⏱️
0:00 Introduction
0:12 Cash flow statement categories
0:37 FAS95
1:21 Cash flow statement direct method
1:59 Cash flow statement indirect method
3:24 Direct vs indirect method
The difference between the methods is purely in the section called CFOA, or Cash From Operating Activities. For the sections at the bottom, the direct method and the indirect method use the same line items. In Cash From Investing Activities, the main line items are capital expenditures, proceeds from selling factories or buildings, and business acquisitions or divestments. In Cash From Financing Activities, the main line items are dividends paid, shares issued or repurchased, and issuances or repayments of debt.
Here’s the example from FAS95 on reporting CFOA using the direct method. You start off with cash received from customers of 13.9 billion (a positive number, cash inflow), you deduct cash paid to suppliers and employees 12 billion (a negative number, cash outflow), and then account for smaller items such as interest paid 220 million and income taxes paid 325 million. Total net cash provided by operating activities, calculated using the direct method is 1.4 billion, which should be the same if you calculate it by using the indirect method.
For another example of using the direct method: Cash flow statement direct method
Here’s the example from FAS95 on reporting CFOA using the indirect method. When you use the indirect method, you start off with net income, or net profit. In this example, net income is 760 million. Next step in the indirect method is to look for any non-cash items from the P&L. In this example, the main non-cash item is depreciation and amortization, which is 445 million. You deducted depreciation as an expense in order to report the correct amount of EBIT and profit before tax in the income statement, and to calculate the correct amount of corporate income taxes. For cash flow purposes, you will have to add back that same amount of depreciation. The next four items work in a similar way: you make adjustments for items that are treated differently when you recognize profit or costs versus when you record cash receipts or cash disbursements of a company. A key section of the indirect method is in the middle of the page: increases or decreases of working capital items on the balance sheet. If accounts receivable goes up, then cash goes down, in this case 215 million. If inventory decreases, then cash goes up, in this case 205 million. Etcetera.
Total net cash provided by operating activities, calculated using the indirect method is 1.4 billion.
For another example of using the indirect method: Cash flow statement indirect method
So why would you use the direct method (which in some countries is rare)? First of all, FAS95 encourages (but doesn’t mandate) companies to report gross cash receipts and gross cash payments. Two of the FASB members arguing in favor of mandatory use of the direct method at the time FAS95 was being discussed and reviewed, said that it is more informative and more consistent with the primary purpose of a statement of cash flows. FAS95 mentions that the direct method may help investors to estimate future operating cash flows based on historical detail. Lastly, International Accounting Standard 7 (the FAS95 equivalent in IFRS) has similar wording: “encouraging companies to use the direct method”.
I have a lot of material available on the Finance Storyteller YouTube channel that can help you get a good understanding of the topic of cash flow and related items. For example, I have full walk-throughs for you of both direct method and indirect method cash flow statements!
Philip de Vroe (The Finance Storyteller) aims to make strategy, finance and leadership enjoyable and easier to understand. Learn the business vocabulary to join the conversation with your CEO at your company. Understand how financial statements work in order to make better stock market investment decisions. Philip delivers training in various formats: YouTube videos, classroom sessions, webinars, and business simulations. Connect with me through Linked In!
⏱️TIMESTAMPS⏱️
0:00 Introduction
0:12 Cash flow statement categories
0:37 FAS95
1:21 Cash flow statement direct method
1:59 Cash flow statement indirect method
3:24 Direct vs indirect method
The difference between the methods is purely in the section called CFOA, or Cash From Operating Activities. For the sections at the bottom, the direct method and the indirect method use the same line items. In Cash From Investing Activities, the main line items are capital expenditures, proceeds from selling factories or buildings, and business acquisitions or divestments. In Cash From Financing Activities, the main line items are dividends paid, shares issued or repurchased, and issuances or repayments of debt.
Here’s the example from FAS95 on reporting CFOA using the direct method. You start off with cash received from customers of 13.9 billion (a positive number, cash inflow), you deduct cash paid to suppliers and employees 12 billion (a negative number, cash outflow), and then account for smaller items such as interest paid 220 million and income taxes paid 325 million. Total net cash provided by operating activities, calculated using the direct method is 1.4 billion, which should be the same if you calculate it by using the indirect method.
For another example of using the direct method: Cash flow statement direct method
Here’s the example from FAS95 on reporting CFOA using the indirect method. When you use the indirect method, you start off with net income, or net profit. In this example, net income is 760 million. Next step in the indirect method is to look for any non-cash items from the P&L. In this example, the main non-cash item is depreciation and amortization, which is 445 million. You deducted depreciation as an expense in order to report the correct amount of EBIT and profit before tax in the income statement, and to calculate the correct amount of corporate income taxes. For cash flow purposes, you will have to add back that same amount of depreciation. The next four items work in a similar way: you make adjustments for items that are treated differently when you recognize profit or costs versus when you record cash receipts or cash disbursements of a company. A key section of the indirect method is in the middle of the page: increases or decreases of working capital items on the balance sheet. If accounts receivable goes up, then cash goes down, in this case 215 million. If inventory decreases, then cash goes up, in this case 205 million. Etcetera.
Total net cash provided by operating activities, calculated using the indirect method is 1.4 billion.
For another example of using the indirect method: Cash flow statement indirect method
So why would you use the direct method (which in some countries is rare)? First of all, FAS95 encourages (but doesn’t mandate) companies to report gross cash receipts and gross cash payments. Two of the FASB members arguing in favor of mandatory use of the direct method at the time FAS95 was being discussed and reviewed, said that it is more informative and more consistent with the primary purpose of a statement of cash flows. FAS95 mentions that the direct method may help investors to estimate future operating cash flows based on historical detail. Lastly, International Accounting Standard 7 (the FAS95 equivalent in IFRS) has similar wording: “encouraging companies to use the direct method”.
I have a lot of material available on the Finance Storyteller YouTube channel that can help you get a good understanding of the topic of cash flow and related items. For example, I have full walk-throughs for you of both direct method and indirect method cash flow statements!
Philip de Vroe (The Finance Storyteller) aims to make strategy, finance and leadership enjoyable and easier to understand. Learn the business vocabulary to join the conversation with your CEO at your company. Understand how financial statements work in order to make better stock market investment decisions. Philip delivers training in various formats: YouTube videos, classroom sessions, webinars, and business simulations. Connect with me through Linked In!
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