Conductors Insulators and Semi Conductors
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Conductors Semiconductors and Insulators
Conductors: All conductors share the property that they're able to carry an electric current (a flow of electronic charge) in response to an applied difference in end-to-end voltage. Inside the material it is the electric field (the voltage difference/distance over which it is applied) that forces any free charges to move. In most cases the vast majority of the electrons inside the material are fixed in place — tightly held by the atom they're orbiting. However, in all conductors some of the electrons find a way to move. In some materials the band-gap energy is quite small compared with the average thermal energy available per particle. This means that random thermal motions cause the atoms & electrons to jiggle around, providing some electrons with enough energy to jump the gap. This produces a thermalised population of free electrons in the conduction band and an equal number of freely movable holes in the valance band. These free charge carriers (-ve electrons and +ve holes) can then move in response to an applied field and the material conducts. Some materials have a very small band gap, or even a non-existent gap. Then the conduction and valance bands touch or overlap. This means an electron only requires a tiny amount of extra energy to reach a free energy level.
Insulators: The valence band of an insulator is completely full. The electrons in this band are a bit like guests at a very overcrowded party. They cannot move, no matter how hot it gets, because they are trapped by the other guests squeezed up against them. You probably know how this feels: you want to cross the room to get a drink or meet someone, but you can't move because of all the people! In an insulating material the band gap energy is very large compared with the typical thermal energy available per particle. As a result, none of the electrons in the valence band can get enough energy to reach the conduction band.
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Conductors Semiconductors and Insulators
Conductors: All conductors share the property that they're able to carry an electric current (a flow of electronic charge) in response to an applied difference in end-to-end voltage. Inside the material it is the electric field (the voltage difference/distance over which it is applied) that forces any free charges to move. In most cases the vast majority of the electrons inside the material are fixed in place — tightly held by the atom they're orbiting. However, in all conductors some of the electrons find a way to move. In some materials the band-gap energy is quite small compared with the average thermal energy available per particle. This means that random thermal motions cause the atoms & electrons to jiggle around, providing some electrons with enough energy to jump the gap. This produces a thermalised population of free electrons in the conduction band and an equal number of freely movable holes in the valance band. These free charge carriers (-ve electrons and +ve holes) can then move in response to an applied field and the material conducts. Some materials have a very small band gap, or even a non-existent gap. Then the conduction and valance bands touch or overlap. This means an electron only requires a tiny amount of extra energy to reach a free energy level.
Insulators: The valence band of an insulator is completely full. The electrons in this band are a bit like guests at a very overcrowded party. They cannot move, no matter how hot it gets, because they are trapped by the other guests squeezed up against them. You probably know how this feels: you want to cross the room to get a drink or meet someone, but you can't move because of all the people! In an insulating material the band gap energy is very large compared with the typical thermal energy available per particle. As a result, none of the electrons in the valence band can get enough energy to reach the conduction band.
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14 سال پیش
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