Jernblestring i Budalen - Brenning av jern fra myrmalm

A bloomery is a type of furnace once used widely for smelting iron from its oxides. The bloomery was the earliest form of smelter capable of smelting iron. Bloomeries produce a porous mass of iron and slag called a bloom. The mix of slag and iron in the bloom, termed sponge iron, is usually consolidated and further forged into wrought iron. Blast furnaces, which produce pig iron, have largely superseded bloomeries.

In Trøndelag in Norway the earliest forms of iron smelting can be divided into 3 eras, based on the historical findings of the area. In the first era, that lasted from about 300 BC to about 600 AD, a furnace dubbed the “Roman times-furnace” was used. In the second era, approximately between 700 and 1300 AD the “Viking age-furnace” was used, and lastly, between 1400 and 1850, the Evenstad-furnace. The Evenstad-furnace was named after a farmer and sheriff in Stor-Elvdal in Norway, Ole Olsen Evenstad (1739-1806). He wrote a manuscript with very detailed descriptions about the production of bog iron, and the tools required in the process. The manuscript was translated to several languages, and it has been an important source of information on the subject.

This production process often took place some distance away from the farms, in areas where both iron ore and wood were available. The process starts off with gathering bog ore and wood, which should be left to dry for some time. The ore then needs to be roasted before the smelting can take place. The product you’re left with after the smelting contains some impurities, so it needs to be further processed in a forge before you’ve achieved making wrought iron, which was used in the production of nails, tools, and weapons among other things.

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