Serotonin Synthesis | 5-Hydroxytryptamine Synthesis | Outcomes of Eliminating Serotonin in the Brain

In the brain, serotonin synthesis occurs in the raphe nuclei (as well as the pineal gland to a small extent). Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT, is an extremely important neurotransmitter molecule. Yet, genetically engineered mice whose brains do not produce serotonin survive and develop somewhat normally, except that they are really aggressive. This video focuses on 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis and the neurobiological outcomes of eliminating serotonin from the brain. What do you think of Sense of Mind’s new style (more visuals, shorter videos)? Let me know in the comments. The neuroscience of serotonin is complex. That’s why I’ve created a playlist on the neurobiology of the serotonin system. Link to the rest of the serotonin videos:    • Serotonin Miniseries   Chapters: https://www.seevid.ir/fa/w/4yicx1W9YJE Serotonin (also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is a neurotransmitter molecule synthesized in your brain. https://www.seevid.ir/fa/w/4yicx1W9YJE The focus of this video (serotonin synthesis steps and consequences of eliminating serotonin from the brain) https://www.seevid.ir/fa/w/4yicx1W9YJE Check out my other videos on neuroscience https://www.seevid.ir/fa/w/4yicx1W9YJE Part 1: Where in the brain is serotonin synthesized? https://www.seevid.ir/fa/w/4yicx1W9YJE The raphe nuclei https://www.seevid.ir/fa/w/4yicx1W9YJE Shoutout to JJ Medicine’s video on serotonin and melatonin synthesis https://www.seevid.ir/fa/w/4yicx1W9YJE Part 2: Synthesis - Tryptophan (an essential amino acid) is the precursor to serotonin https://www.seevid.ir/fa/w/4yicx1W9YJE Tryptophan is made into 5-HTP, catalyzed by the TPH enzyme (tryptophan hydroxylase) https://www.seevid.ir/fa/w/4yicx1W9YJE 5-HTP is made into 5-HT (serotonin), catalyzed by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase https://www.seevid.ir/fa/w/4yicx1W9YJE Serotonin is packaged into vesicles by the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) https://www.seevid.ir/fa/w/4yicx1W9YJE Synaptic transmission overview https://www.seevid.ir/fa/w/4yicx1W9YJE Serotonin is cleaned out of the synapse by reuptake pumps and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA-A) https://www.seevid.ir/fa/w/4yicx1W9YJE Serotonin is chemically transformed into melatonin in the pineal gland https://www.seevid.ir/fa/w/4yicx1W9YJE Part 2: What happens when the brain cannot produce serotonin? https://www.seevid.ir/fa/w/4yicx1W9YJE How researchers eliminated serotonin from the brain (disrupted the TPH2 gene) https://www.seevid.ir/fa/w/4yicx1W9YJE Adult mouse brains without serotonin https://www.seevid.ir/fa/w/4yicx1W9YJE Restoring serotonin to the brain by injecting 5-HTP https://www.seevid.ir/fa/w/4yicx1W9YJE Behavioral outcomes for mice that never had any serotonin in their brains https://www.seevid.ir/fa/w/4yicx1W9YJE Please sign up for the video newsletter! And the podcast! https://www.seevid.ir/fa/w/4yicx1W9YJE Summary and conclusion https://www.seevid.ir/fa/w/4yicx1W9YJE Check out the other videos in this playlist! – Sign up for the weekly video newsletter (free!): http://senseofmindshow.com/newsletter/ Subscribe to the podcast (new episode every week!): https://anchor.fm/senseofmind Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sense.ofmind/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/senseofmindshow/ Sources Cited: Sharp, T., & Barnes, N. M. (2020). Central 5-HT receptors and their function; present and future. Neuropharmacology, 177, 108155. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32522572/ Dingman M. Know Your Brain: Raphe Nuclei. Neuroscientifically Challenged. https://neuroscientificallychallenged.com/posts/know-your-brain-raphe-nuclei. Published October 27, 2017. Di Giovanni, G., & De Deurwaerdère, P. (2020). Serotonin research: Crossing scales and boundaries. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108340 Hoyer, D. (2020). Targeting the 5-HT system: Potential side effects. Neuropharmacology, 108233. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32805212/ Mosienko, V., Bader, M., & Alenina, N. (2020). The serotonin-free brain: behavioral consequences of Tph2 deficiency in animal models. In Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience (Vol. 31, pp. 601-607). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64125-0.00035-9 Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Nutt, D. J. (2017). Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31(9), 1091-1120. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28858536/ Bacqué-Cazenave, J., Bharatiya, R., Barrière, G., Delbecque, J. P., Bouguiyoud, N., Di Giovanni, G., ... & De Deurwaerdère, P. (2020). Serotonin in animal cognition and behavior. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(5), 1649. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32121267/ Carvajal-Oliveros, A., & Campusano, J. M. (2021). Studying the Contribution of Serotonin to Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Can This Fly?. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 14, 262. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2020.601449/full JJ Medicine. “Serotonin and Melatonin Synthesis | Tryptophan Metabolism” https://www.seevid.ir/fa/w/kCkZBSeOGH4.

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