Taxonomy and Systematics
117.1 هزار بار بازدید -
11 سال پیش
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Humans have named things of
Humans have named things of importance to us since the dawn of communication (eat this, run from that...) But how do scientists organize living things and what are the levels of organization they use to describe relationships between groups? Aristotle and Linnaeus take starring roles here, but there's a lot they got wrong.
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VIDEO DETAILS
Taxonomy and Systematics
Taxonomy (G taxis: arrangement; nomia: method) is the discipline of defining groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics
Hierarchical groups help us to identify related organisms and also describe evolutionary relationships
Aristotle
To understand anything, one must classify it according to it's parts
Classified all animals into two groups: blooded and bloodless
Pliny the Elder
Carl Linnaeus
Systema Naturae 10th ed. in 1758
Binomial Nomenclature
Where do the Names Come From?
Latin (Classical or Medieval)
Classical Greek
Names of People
Names of Places
Other Languages
What's In a Name?
Morphologic Characters
General external morphology
Special structures
Internal morphology
Embryology
Karyology and other cytological factors
Physiological Factors
Metabolic factors
Body secretions
Genic sterility factors
Molecular Characters
Immunological distance
Electrophoretic differences
Protein sequences
DNA hybridization
DNA and RNA sequences
Restriction endonuclease analyses
Other molecular differences
Behavioral Characters
Courtship and other ethological isolating mechanisms
Other behavior patterns
Ecological Characters
Habitats and hosts
Food
Seasonal variations
Parasites
Host reactions
Geographic Characters
General biogeographic distribution
Sympatric-allopatric relationship of populations
Levels of Organization
Linnaeus' Domains
Linnaeus Described Six Classes of Animals
Heart with 2 auricles, 2 ventricles. Warm, red blood
Viviparous: Mammalia
Oviparous: Aves
Six Classes of Animals
Heart with 1 auricle, 0 ventricles. Cold, puss-like blood
Have antennae: Insecta
Have tentacles: Vermes
Hierarchy of Similarities
Modern 3-Domain System
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum (= Divisions in Botany)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Example: The Dog
Problems...
Linnaeus (and everyone else) wondered about where these species came from and how to define a species
Linnaeus treated species as immutable
Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
Compared living and fossil mammals (elephants and mammoths)
He did not see how organisms could cross inhospitable boundaries to reach suitable environments
He found different kinds of animals and plants in very similar, but completely isolated environments
Age of Enlightenment
Paleontology and the discovery of extinct species in the fossil record began to undermine the static view of nature which had persisted since Aristotle
Species are NOT Fixed Entities
Taxonomy and systematics is a dynamic science
Want more?
Subscribe: thepenguinprof
FB Page: Facebook: ThePenguinProf
Twitter: Twitter: penguinprof
Web: http://www.penguinprof.com/
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VIDEO DETAILS
Taxonomy and Systematics
Taxonomy (G taxis: arrangement; nomia: method) is the discipline of defining groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics
Hierarchical groups help us to identify related organisms and also describe evolutionary relationships
Aristotle
To understand anything, one must classify it according to it's parts
Classified all animals into two groups: blooded and bloodless
Pliny the Elder
Carl Linnaeus
Systema Naturae 10th ed. in 1758
Binomial Nomenclature
Where do the Names Come From?
Latin (Classical or Medieval)
Classical Greek
Names of People
Names of Places
Other Languages
What's In a Name?
Morphologic Characters
General external morphology
Special structures
Internal morphology
Embryology
Karyology and other cytological factors
Physiological Factors
Metabolic factors
Body secretions
Genic sterility factors
Molecular Characters
Immunological distance
Electrophoretic differences
Protein sequences
DNA hybridization
DNA and RNA sequences
Restriction endonuclease analyses
Other molecular differences
Behavioral Characters
Courtship and other ethological isolating mechanisms
Other behavior patterns
Ecological Characters
Habitats and hosts
Food
Seasonal variations
Parasites
Host reactions
Geographic Characters
General biogeographic distribution
Sympatric-allopatric relationship of populations
Levels of Organization
Linnaeus' Domains
Linnaeus Described Six Classes of Animals
Heart with 2 auricles, 2 ventricles. Warm, red blood
Viviparous: Mammalia
Oviparous: Aves
Six Classes of Animals
Heart with 1 auricle, 0 ventricles. Cold, puss-like blood
Have antennae: Insecta
Have tentacles: Vermes
Hierarchy of Similarities
Modern 3-Domain System
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum (= Divisions in Botany)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Example: The Dog
Problems...
Linnaeus (and everyone else) wondered about where these species came from and how to define a species
Linnaeus treated species as immutable
Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
Compared living and fossil mammals (elephants and mammoths)
He did not see how organisms could cross inhospitable boundaries to reach suitable environments
He found different kinds of animals and plants in very similar, but completely isolated environments
Age of Enlightenment
Paleontology and the discovery of extinct species in the fossil record began to undermine the static view of nature which had persisted since Aristotle
Species are NOT Fixed Entities
Taxonomy and systematics is a dynamic science
11 سال پیش
در تاریخ 1391/12/23 منتشر شده
است.
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