History of Management
27.5 هزار بار بازدید -
4 سال پیش
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Management jobs and careers didn’t
Management jobs and careers didn’t exist 125 years ago, so management was not yet a field of study. Now, of course, managers and management are such an important part of the business world that it’s hard to imagine organizations without them. Although we can find the seeds of many of today’s management ideas throughout history, not until the past few centuries did systematic changes in the nature of work and organizations create a compelling need for managers.
Examples of management thought and practice can be found throughout history. For most of humankind’s history, for example, people didn’t commute to work. Work usually occurred in homes or on farms. In 1720, almost 80 percent of the 5.5 million people in England lived and worked in the country. And as recently as 1870, two-thirds of Americans earned their living from agriculture. Even most of those who didn’t earn their living from agriculture didn’t commute to work.
With small, self-organized work groups, no commute, no bosses, and no common building, there wasn’t a strong need for management. During the Industrial Revolution (1750–1900), how-ever, jobs and organizations changed dramatically. First, unskilled laborers running machines began to replace high-paid, skilled artisans. This change was made possible by the availability of power (steam engines and, later, electricity) as well as numerous related inventions.
Mass production was born as rope-and chain-driven assembly lines moved work to stationary workers who concentrated on performing one small task over and over again. While workers focused on their singular tasks, managers were needed to coordinate the different parts of the production system and optimize its overall performance. Productivity skyrocketed at companies that understood this. Instead of being performed in fields, homes, or small shops, jobs occurred in large, formal organizations where hundreds, if not thousands, of people worked under one roof.
Before 1880, business educators taught only basic book-keeping and secretarial skills, and no one published books or articles about management. Today if you have a question about management, you can turn to dozens of academic journals. Scientific management thoroughly studying and testing different work methods to identify the best, most efficient way to complete a job.
Examples of management thought and practice can be found throughout history. For most of humankind’s history, for example, people didn’t commute to work. Work usually occurred in homes or on farms. In 1720, almost 80 percent of the 5.5 million people in England lived and worked in the country. And as recently as 1870, two-thirds of Americans earned their living from agriculture. Even most of those who didn’t earn their living from agriculture didn’t commute to work.
With small, self-organized work groups, no commute, no bosses, and no common building, there wasn’t a strong need for management. During the Industrial Revolution (1750–1900), how-ever, jobs and organizations changed dramatically. First, unskilled laborers running machines began to replace high-paid, skilled artisans. This change was made possible by the availability of power (steam engines and, later, electricity) as well as numerous related inventions.
Mass production was born as rope-and chain-driven assembly lines moved work to stationary workers who concentrated on performing one small task over and over again. While workers focused on their singular tasks, managers were needed to coordinate the different parts of the production system and optimize its overall performance. Productivity skyrocketed at companies that understood this. Instead of being performed in fields, homes, or small shops, jobs occurred in large, formal organizations where hundreds, if not thousands, of people worked under one roof.
Before 1880, business educators taught only basic book-keeping and secretarial skills, and no one published books or articles about management. Today if you have a question about management, you can turn to dozens of academic journals. Scientific management thoroughly studying and testing different work methods to identify the best, most efficient way to complete a job.
4 سال پیش
در تاریخ 1399/02/25 منتشر شده
است.
27,573
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