Carbohydrates / Polysaccharides: Homopolysaccharides & Heteropolysaccharides (Clinical importance)
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Carbohydrates: Homopolysaccharides and Heteropolysaccharides ( Clinical importance )
General Formula of Carbohydrate
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Carbohydrates
The general formula for carbohydrate is Cx(H2O)y. Although, it must be remembered that this is just a general formula. There are various exceptions to this that we will see. Let us take a look at Acetic Acid which is CH3COOH. Now although this will fit in the general formula of carbohydrate i.e. Cx(H2O)y, we know that acetic acid is not a carbohydrate.
Formaldehyde (HCHO) also falls under this category of this general formula but is also not a carbohydrate. And on the other hand, Rhamnose (C6H12O6) which is very much a carbohydrate but does not follow the general formula.
Classification of Carbohydrates
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The main classification of carbohydrate is done on the basis of hydrolysis. This classification is as follow:
Monosaccharides: These are the simplest form of carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolyzed any further. They have the general formula of (CH2O)n. Some common examples are glucose, Ribose etc.
Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates that on hydrolysis yield two to ten smaller units or monosaccharides are oligosaccharides. They are a large category and further divides into various subcategories.
Disaccharides: A further classification of oligosaccharides, these give two units of the same or different monosaccharides on hydrolysis. For example, sucrose on hydrolysis gives one molecule of glucose and fructose each. Whereas maltose on hydrolysis gives two molecules of only glucose,
Trisaccharides: Carbohydrates that on hydrolysis gives three molecules of monosaccharides, whether same or different. An example is Raffinose.
Tetrasaccharides: And as the name suggests this carbohydrate on hydrolysis give four molecules of monosaccharides. Stachyose is an example.
Polysaccharides: The final category of carbohydrates. These give a large number of monosaccharides when they undergo hydrolysis, These carbohydrates are not sweet in taste and are also known as non-sugars. Some common examples are starch, glycogen etc.
Importance of Carbohydrates
------------------------------------------------
Now as we previously discussed, carbohydrates are absolutely essential for life on the planet. Let us take a more detailed look at the importance of carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates are responsible for storing chemical energy in living organisms. You must hear all the time when athletes carbo-load before a game. This is so they can provide themselves with extra energy. They are also an important constituent for supporting tissues in plants and even in some animals.
As I am sure you are already aware of photosynthesis. It is the process by which plants utilize solar energy to generate energy for themselves and food for us. Through this process, plants fix CO2 and synthesize carbohydrate. Let us take a look at the chemical reaction occurring during photosynthesis.
x(CO2) + y(H2O) + Solar energy ⇒ Cx (H2O)y + O2
So carbohydrates due to photosynthesis are the repository of solar energy in plants, Then when plants or animals metabolize the said carbohydrate this energy releases. The metabolizing equation is just the reverse of the photosynthesis equation
Cx (H2O)y + O2 ⇒ x(CO2) + y(H2O) + Energy
#polysaccharides #carbohydrates #monosaccharides #disaccharides #oligosaccharides #carbohydrate #carbohydratemetabolism #fmge #fmgevideos #rapidrevisionfmge #fmgejan2023 #mbbslectures #nationalexitexam #nationalexittest #neetpg #usmlepreparation #usmlestep1 #fmge #usmle #drgbhanuprakash #usmlebiochemistry #neetpgbiochemistry #biochemistryvideos #medicalstudents #medicalstudent #medicalcollege #neetpg2023 #usmleprep #biochemistrylectures
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Carbohydrates: Homopolysaccharides and Heteropolysaccharides ( Clinical importance )
General Formula of Carbohydrate
-----------------------------------------------------
Carbohydrates
The general formula for carbohydrate is Cx(H2O)y. Although, it must be remembered that this is just a general formula. There are various exceptions to this that we will see. Let us take a look at Acetic Acid which is CH3COOH. Now although this will fit in the general formula of carbohydrate i.e. Cx(H2O)y, we know that acetic acid is not a carbohydrate.
Formaldehyde (HCHO) also falls under this category of this general formula but is also not a carbohydrate. And on the other hand, Rhamnose (C6H12O6) which is very much a carbohydrate but does not follow the general formula.
Classification of Carbohydrates
---------------------------------------------------
The main classification of carbohydrate is done on the basis of hydrolysis. This classification is as follow:
Monosaccharides: These are the simplest form of carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolyzed any further. They have the general formula of (CH2O)n. Some common examples are glucose, Ribose etc.
Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates that on hydrolysis yield two to ten smaller units or monosaccharides are oligosaccharides. They are a large category and further divides into various subcategories.
Disaccharides: A further classification of oligosaccharides, these give two units of the same or different monosaccharides on hydrolysis. For example, sucrose on hydrolysis gives one molecule of glucose and fructose each. Whereas maltose on hydrolysis gives two molecules of only glucose,
Trisaccharides: Carbohydrates that on hydrolysis gives three molecules of monosaccharides, whether same or different. An example is Raffinose.
Tetrasaccharides: And as the name suggests this carbohydrate on hydrolysis give four molecules of monosaccharides. Stachyose is an example.
Polysaccharides: The final category of carbohydrates. These give a large number of monosaccharides when they undergo hydrolysis, These carbohydrates are not sweet in taste and are also known as non-sugars. Some common examples are starch, glycogen etc.
Importance of Carbohydrates
------------------------------------------------
Now as we previously discussed, carbohydrates are absolutely essential for life on the planet. Let us take a more detailed look at the importance of carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates are responsible for storing chemical energy in living organisms. You must hear all the time when athletes carbo-load before a game. This is so they can provide themselves with extra energy. They are also an important constituent for supporting tissues in plants and even in some animals.
As I am sure you are already aware of photosynthesis. It is the process by which plants utilize solar energy to generate energy for themselves and food for us. Through this process, plants fix CO2 and synthesize carbohydrate. Let us take a look at the chemical reaction occurring during photosynthesis.
x(CO2) + y(H2O) + Solar energy ⇒ Cx (H2O)y + O2
So carbohydrates due to photosynthesis are the repository of solar energy in plants, Then when plants or animals metabolize the said carbohydrate this energy releases. The metabolizing equation is just the reverse of the photosynthesis equation
Cx (H2O)y + O2 ⇒ x(CO2) + y(H2O) + Energy
#polysaccharides #carbohydrates #monosaccharides #disaccharides #oligosaccharides #carbohydrate #carbohydratemetabolism #fmge #fmgevideos #rapidrevisionfmge #fmgejan2023 #mbbslectures #nationalexitexam #nationalexittest #neetpg #usmlepreparation #usmlestep1 #fmge #usmle #drgbhanuprakash #usmlebiochemistry #neetpgbiochemistry #biochemistryvideos #medicalstudents #medicalstudent #medicalcollege #neetpg2023 #usmleprep #biochemistrylectures
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در تاریخ 1401/09/13 منتشر شده
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