Titrimetric Methods of Analysis

Titrimetry, in which we measure the volume of a reagent reacting stoichiometrically with the analyte, first appeared as an analytical method in the early eighteenth century. Unlike gravimetry, titrimetry initially did not receive wide acceptance as an analytical technique. Many prominent late-nineteenth century analytical chemists preferred gravimetry over titrimetry and few of the standard texts from that era include titrimetric methods. By the early twentieth century, however, titrimetry began to replace gravimetry as the most commonly used analytical method. Interestingly, precipitation gravimetry developed in the absence of a theory of precipitation. The relationship between the precipitates mass and the mass of analyte, called a gravimetric factor, was determined experimentally by taking known masses of analyte (an external standardization). Gravimetric factors could not be calculated using the precipitation reactions stoichiometry because chemical formulas and atomic weights were not yet available! Unlike gravimetry, the growth and acceptance of titrimetry required a deeper understanding of stoichiometry, thermodynamics, and chemical equilibria. By the early twentieth century the accuracy and precision of titrimetric methods were comparable to that of gravimetry, establishing titrimetry as an accepted analytical technique.

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